Bio 2 Exam 1

Species

a group of related organism that share a distinctive set of attributes in nature

Population

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment

What is Drawins contribution

Drawin helped with the establishment of evolution and categorized the birds

What is Heritable

a trait that can be transmitted from parent to offspring

What is natural selection

The process that eliminates those individuals that are less likely to survive

Selective breeding

traits in domesticated species that have been profoundly modified by selective breeding in which breeders chooses the parents that have desirable traits

What is Biogeography

Unique species found on islands and other remote areas have risen because species in the locations have evolved in isolation from the rest of the world

How did the existence/ disappearance of a land bridge lead to the changes in fox population

geographic isolation

Endemic

Species that are naturally found in only a particular place or region

What is convergent evolution

two species from different lineages independently develop similar characteristic because they occupy similar environment

Homology

Refers to the similarity that occurs due to descents from a common ancestor

Anatomical Homology

Features that are similar to each other because they are derived from the same ancestral structures

Vestigial structures

features that has been reduced or absent but that resembles a structure of a ancestor

Developmental homology

The way that animals undergo embryonic (birth) development

Molecular homology

similarities at the molecular level that indicate the living species evolved from a common ancestor interrelated group of ancestors

What are homologous genes

genes derived from the same ancestral gene

orthologs

homologous genes found in different species

paralogs

homologous genes within a single species

What is a gene transfer

a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring

genomic

two types of copies

genetics

the study of genes and heredity

population genetics

the study of genes and genotypes in a population

What is a gene

a segment of DNA that contains instructions to build a protein or a bio molecule

What is the spaces between genes known as in a DNA

it helps with regulation

What does the information in genes encodes for untimely

proteins

What is a gene pool

all of the alleles for every gene in the population

how can populations be dynamic

something changes

what is an allel

a variant form of a gene

Polymorphism

the presence of two or more variations of a character within a population

Genotype

the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total numbers of individuals

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

What is an allele frequency

the number of copies of a particular allele in a population divided by the total number of alleles for that gene in a population

P

dominant allele

Q

recessive allele

P^2+2pq+Q^2

the hardy Weinberg equation

hardy Weinberg equation

Helps with genotypic frequencies

P^2

dominate genotype

2pq

heterozygotes genotype

Q^2

recessive genotype

What are the assumptions/ conditions for the hardy Weinberg equation

no new mutations can occur

How can u assume that the equation worked

when it adds up to 1

What does it mean when the equation does not work

It means that one of the equation is not true

Factors of microevolution

Gene duplication

Factors of microevolution

natural selection

Factors of microevolution

Genetic drift

Factors of microevolution

Migration

Factors of microevolution

Non random mating

What does survival of the fittest mean

Refers to how well they fit in their environment

What does the term fitness mean

How well they can reproduce for the next generations

What does fitness indicate of specially

How well it can reproduce

What are the natural selection

Directional selection

What are the natural selection

Stabilizing selection

What are the natural selection

Diversifying selection

What are the natural selection

Balancing section

Directional selection

favors one extreme phenotype

Stabilizing selection

Favors the intermediate phenotype

Diversifying selection

Favors two or more different genotypes

Balancing selection

The pattern of natural section that maintains genetic diversity

What is a heterozygote advantage

when balancing selection favors the heterozygote over either homozygotes

How does heterozygote advantage help maintain polymorphism

it helps in making the trait/ gene more recessive

What is sexual selection

traits that directly involve with reproduction and allows the individuals to find or choose a mate/ or engage in success reproduction

How does sexual selection effect more males than females

because males success tend to be more variable, with some males mating with many females and other not mating at all

What is sexual dimorphism

a significant difference between the morphologies of the two sexes within a species

Intrasexual

same sex

Intersexual

different sex

Do you understand the fish in a tank under different lighting experiment

Environmental change and sexual selection

What is a genetic drift

changes in the allele frequencies due to random chance

Is genetic drift faster or slower in a large/ small population

faster

Bottleneck effect

when population size is dramatically reduced in size

Founder effect

when a small group of individual separate from a larger population and establish a colony at a new location

What is migration

the moving of one population into a new location

How does migration affect genetic diversity

It increases it due to the new environment

What is non random mating

some populations mate irrespective to genotype or phenotype

Subspecies

groups of the same species that have different traits but not enough to be called a separate species

Ecotypes

bacterial species- genetically distinct population adapted to local environments

Morphology

physical characteristics of an organism

Morphology limitation

most animals have similar features

Ability to interbreed

a species is a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed, or mate, with one another to produce viable, fertile offspring

Molecular features

Having similarities an differences in DNA or genes in a population

Molecular features limitation

maybe difficult to draw the line when separating groups

Ecological factors

organisms habitat maybe be used to distinguish one species from another

Ecological factors limitation

different bacterial display may be very similar

Evolutionary relationships

relationships between ancestral species and modern species

What is reproductive isolation

mechanism that prevents interbreeding between different species

prezygotic

prevents the formation of zygote

Habitat isolation

geographic barrier prevents contact

Temporal isolation

reproduce at different times of the day or year

Behavior isolation

difference in mating behavior

Mechanical Isolation

Size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating

postzygotic reproductive

blocks development of viable

Hybrid inviability

fertilized egg cannot progress past an early embryo

Hybrid sterility

interspecies hybrid is viable but sterile

Hybrid breakdown

hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormities

Song change experiment

the bigger the beak the nicer the song, making the female take the birds with a beak

What is speciation

formation of new species

Cladogenesis

division of species into two or more species

Allopatric speciation

occurs when some members of a species become geographically separated

Adaptive Radiation

single species evolves into array of descendants that differ greatly in habitat

What is a hybrid zone

zones where two populations can interbreed

Reinforcement

hybrids are less lift and the two population diverge until hybrids are no longer produced