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Adenine (A)
Adenine is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA molecules. In DNA, it pairs with thymine (T), while in RNA it pairs with uracil (U).
Alpha Helix
An alpha helix is a type of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain forms a spiral shape, held together by hydrogen bonds.
Amino Acids
Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins. They are the building blocks of life and are vital for a number of functions in the body.
Beta-Pleated Sheet
A beta-pleated sheet is another form of secondary structure in proteins where parts of the polypeptide chain fold back on themselves to form "sheets," also held together by hydrogen bonds.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting mainly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are one of the four main types of macromolecules in living organisms and serve as a primary source of energy.
Cellulose
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, that is composed of glucose units and forms the main component of plant cell walls.
Chitin
Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose that forms part of the hard outer exoskeleton in insects, crustaceans, fungi, and other organisms.
Covalent Bond
A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, resulting in the formation of molecules.
Cytosine (C)
Cytosine is another one of the four nitrogenous bases found in both DNA and RNA molecules. In both cases, it pairs with guanine (G).
Denaturation
Denaturation is the process by which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak interactions within the molecule, often caused by changes in temperature or pH.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
Disulfide Bridges
Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds that form between two sulfur atoms, typically within a protein molecule. They help to stabilize the 3D structure of proteins.
DNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as the primary form of energy storage in animals and fungi. It's similar to starch but has more extensive branching.
Glycosidic Bond
A glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Guanine (G)
Guanine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It pairs with cytosine (C) through three hydrogen bonds.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions between two molecules caused by electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another.
Hydroxyl Group
A hydroxyl group is a functional group consisting of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom (-OH). It makes a molecule polar and increases its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide sugar derived from galactose and glucose that's found in milk.
Lipids
Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids. They are an important part of living cells and serve as energy storage.
Maltose
Maltose is a disaccharide sugar that is produced when two glucose molecules are linked together.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of one sugar molecule. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules essential for all known forms of life. They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), which carry genetic information.
Phosphate Group
A phosphate group is a molecule in the chemical form PO4 that is part of many important biological structures such as DNA, RNA, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and phospholipids.
Polymerization
Polymerization is the process by which monomers (small molecules) combine to form a larger, more complex structure known as a polymer.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Proteins
Large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
RNA is a molecule similar to DNA that plays a crucial role in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
RNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a molecule similar to DNA that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell.
Sickle-Cell Disease
Sickle-cell disease is an inherited disorder where red blood cells become misshapen and break down more rapidly than normal, leading to anemia. It's caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide produced by most green plants as energy storage. It's composed of glucose units connected by glycosidic bonds.
Sucrose
Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. It's commonly known as table sugar.
Thymine (T)
Thymine is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acid DNA. It pairs with adenine.
Van der Waals Forces
Van der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules due to temporary shifts in electron density creating temporary positive and negative charges.
