nutrition through the lifespan hosa

"Describe the nutritional needs during a normal pregnancy."

"A normal pregnancy of 38-40 weeks requires superb nutrition to support the fetus, amniotic fluid, placenta, increased blood volume, and maternal tissue."

"What is the relationship between maternal nutrition and baby health?"

"A well-nourished mother is likely to have a healthier baby."

"Describe the impact of malnutrition on a mother during pregnancy."

"Malnutrition in a mother can lead to decreased growth and mental retardation for the fetus."

"Explain the significance of weight gain during pregnancy."

"Weight gain during pregnancy is important for the infant's development and for the mother's health."

"How much weight should a woman ideally gain during pregnancy?"

"A woman should ideally gain 25-35 pounds during pregnancy."

"What is the typical weight gain during the first trimester of pregnancy?"

"The typical weight gain during the first trimester is usually only 2-4 pounds."

"Identify the primary periods of weight gain during pregnancy."

"Most weight gain occurs during the second and third trimesters, with about 1 pound per week."

"Discuss the weight gain recommendations for underweight pregnant women."

"Underweight pregnant women should aim to gain 28-40 pounds."

"What is the recommended weight gain for pregnant women carrying twins?"

"Pregnant women carrying twins should aim to gain 25-45 pounds."

"How should overweight women approach weight gain during pregnancy?"

"Overweight women should gain less than the average woman but no less than 15 pounds."

"What should pregnant women avoid regarding weight during pregnancy?"

"Pregnant women should not lose weight during pregnancy."

"Define the nutritional needs during pregnancy."

"Pregnant women should ideally consult with their physician about their nutritional needs."

"What is the recommendation for folic acid intake before and during pregnancy?"

"It is recommended to take a multivitamin or 400 micrograms of folic acid daily at least one month prior to conception."

"Explain the correlation found in the 1990 study regarding folic acid."

"The study found a correlation between folic acid intake before and during the first trimester and a reduction in spinal cord and brain defects."

"What substances should be avoided during pregnancy due to their danger to the embryo?"

"Certain medications, smoking, illegal drugs, and alcohol can be dangerous to the embryo."

"How much should protein requirements increase for women over 25 during pregnancy?"

"Protein requirements increase by 20% for women over 25."

"What is the increase in protein requirements for pregnant adolescents?"

"Pregnant adolescents have an increase in protein requirements by 25%."

"Why is protein important during pregnancy?"

"Protein is important for tissue building and is a good source of iron, copper, zinc, and B vitamins."

"What is the recommended intake for vitamin A during pregnancy?"

"There is no increased need for vitamin A, but too much can cause birth defects."

"List the recommended daily intake for vitamin D during pregnancy."

"The recommended intake for vitamin D during pregnancy is 10 micrograms."

"What is the recommended intake for vitamin E during pregnancy?"

"The recommended intake for vitamin E during pregnancy is 15 mg."

"What is the recommended intake for vitamin K during pregnancy?"

"The recommended intake for vitamin K during pregnancy is 75-90 micrograms, depending on age."

"Describe the increased need for water-soluble vitamins during pregnancy."

"There is an increased need for more vitamin C and B vitamins during pregnancy."

"Explain the role of vitamin C during pregnancy."

"Vitamin C is important for developing collagen and improving iron absorption."

"What is the role of B vitamins during pregnancy?"

"B vitamins play a crucial role in metabolism and the development of red blood cells."

"Identify the minerals that have increased needs during pregnancy."

"Increased needs for minerals during pregnancy include calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium."

"Describe the role of calcium during infancy."

"Calcium is essential for the infant's bones and teeth development, blood clotting, and muscle action."

"Explain what happens if a mother does not consume enough calcium during pregnancy."

"If the mother does not consume enough calcium, the baby will extract calcium from her bones."

"How does iron demand change during pregnancy?"

"Iron demand increases due to the increased blood volume during pregnancy."

"Define the normal hemoglobin levels for a fetus during pregnancy."

"Fetal hemoglobin levels can increase to 10-22g/100ml of blood, which is about twice the normal human levels of 13-14g/100ml."

"What happens to the infant's hemoglobin levels after birth?"

"The infant's hemoglobin levels reduce to normal, and the excess hemoglobin breaks down, with iron stored in the liver for later use."

"When is an iron supplement typically prescribed during pregnancy?"

"An iron supplement is usually prescribed unless the hemoglobin levels are normal."

"How should a pregnant woman's diet be structured according to MyPyramid?"

"A pregnant woman's diet should be based on MyPyramid, focusing on nutrient-dense foods and adequate calorie intake."

"What are the benefits of drinking milk during pregnancy?"

"Drinking milk provides protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin."

"Compare whole milk and fat-free milk in terms of calories and fat content."

"Whole milk adds saturated fat and cholesterol with 150 calories per 8 oz, while fat-free milk has no fat and is 90 calories per 8 oz, making fat-free milk a better choice."

"What is the role of prenatal vitamin supplements during pregnancy?"

"Prenatal vitamin supplements are prescribed by healthcare providers to ensure adequate vitamin intake during pregnancy."

"Why should pregnant women avoid unprescribed supplements?"

"Unprescribed supplements can lead to excess intake, which may harm the mother or infant."

"What are unusual cravings during pregnancy, and are they acceptable?"

"Unusual cravings are generally acceptable as long as they do not harm the normal diet or cause excessive weight gain."

"Describe common concerns during pregnancy related to nausea."

"Nausea, often referred to as morning sickness, usually occurs in the first trimester and can be alleviated by eating dry crackers or toast before rising and having small frequent meals."

"What is hyperemesis gravidarum?"

"Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea during pregnancy that may require hospitalization and parenteral nutrition."

"How can constipation and hemorrhoids be relieved during pregnancy?"

"Constipation and hemorrhoids can be relieved with high-fiber foods, daily exercise, drinking 8+ glasses of liquid per day, and responding immediately to the urge to defecate."

"What causes heartburn during pregnancy?"

"Heartburn during pregnancy is common and is caused by the relaxation of the cardiac sphincter and smooth muscles due to progesterone."

"Describe the symptoms associated with stomach acid pushing into the lower esophagus during pregnancy."

"This condition causes a burning feeling, often relieved by small, frequent meals, avoiding spicy or greasy foods, not drinking liquids with meals, waiting at least an hour after eating before lying down, and waiting at least 2 hours before exercising."

"Explain how to manage excessive weight gain during pregnancy."

"To manage excessive weight gain, reevaluate the diet and eliminate certain foods such as candy, cookies, rich desserts, chips, non-fat-free salad dressings, and sweet beverages, while including extra pint milk and opting for fat-free milk instead of whole milk."

"What are some recommended snacks for pregnant women to maintain a healthy diet?"

"Good snacks include raw veggies with fat-free salad dressing, fruits, and custards made with fat-free milk."

"How can cooking methods impact calorie intake during pregnancy?"

"Using cooking methods like broiling, baking, and boiling instead of frying can help reduce calorie intake."

"Define Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) and its characteristics."

"Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, formerly known as toxemia or preeclampsia, usually occurs during the third trimester and is characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and proteinuria (albumin in urine). Edema can cause sudden weight gain."

"Explain the risks associated with untreated Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)."

"If PIH persists and reaches the eclamptic or convulsive stage, it can lead to convulsions, coma, and potentially death of both the mother and infant."

"Identify the groups at higher risk for developing Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)."

"At-risk groups include first-time pregnancies, multifetal pregnancies, morbidly obese women, those with inadequate diets (especially protein-deficient), and pregnant adolescents."

"Describe Pica and its common manifestations during pregnancy."

"Pica is the craving for nonfood substances, such as clay, starch, or ice, and is most commonly seen in pregnant women. Its causes are unknown, but some believe it may relieve nausea or be linked to cultural practices."

"What are the potential dangers of consuming soil during pregnancy?"

"Consuming soil can introduce bacteria that contaminate both the mother and fetus, potentially causing intestinal blockage and nutrient deficiencies due to binding with minerals."

"How can nonfood substances in a diet lead to nutritional issues during pregnancy?"

"If nonfood substances replace actual food in the diet, it can lead to nutrient deficiencies, as these substances do not provide the necessary nutrients for the mother and fetus."

"Define anemia."

"Anemia is a condition characterized by an insufficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or blood volume, leading to inadequate oxygen supply in the blood."

"Explain the symptoms of anemia."

"Symptoms of anemia include constant weakness or tiredness, poor appetite, and a pale appearance."

"Describe iron deficiency anemia."

"Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia, often occurring during pregnancy due to increased blood volume requiring more iron."

"How is iron deficiency treated?"

"Iron deficiency is treated with daily iron supplements."

"What is folate deficiency and its consequence during pregnancy?"

"Folate deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia during pregnancy, characterized by too few red blood cells and large immature red blood cells."

"How much folate is typically prescribed during pregnancy?"

"Obstetricians might prescribe 400-600 micrograms of folate per day as a supplement during pregnancy."

"Explain the effects of alcohol on fetal development."

"Alcohol can lead to subnormal physical and mental development in the fetus, with abstinence recommended to prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)."

"Describe the characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)."

"FAS is characterized by physical traits such as a small head, short eye slits, flat midface, and thin upper lip, along with growth deficiencies and CNS dysfunction."

"What is the difference between Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE)?"

"FAS includes physical defects and severe developmental issues, while FAE has less dramatic physical defects but can still lead to behavioral and psychosocial problems."

"How does alcohol affect the fetus compared to the mother?"

"Alcohol enters both the mother’s and fetus’s systems, but the fetus cannot metabolize it as quickly as the mother, resulting in longer retention in the fetal bloodstream."

"What is the recommended caffeine intake during pregnancy?"

"It is recommended to limit caffeine intake to 2 cups or less than 300mg per day during pregnancy to ensure safety."

"Describe the potential effects of high caffeine intake during pregnancy."

"High caffeine intake during pregnancy has been shown to cause birth defects in newborn rats, although no data indicates harm from moderate caffeine consumption."

"What is the impact of drugs on fetal development?"

"The effects of drugs on fetal development vary widely and can lead to various complications."

"Describe the effects of self-prescribed drugs and illegal drugs on a fetus."

"Self-prescribed drugs, including vitamin and mineral supplements, as well as illegal drugs, can cause damage to the fetus, leading to fetal malformations, spontaneous abortion, and potential addiction in infants."

"Explain the risks associated with tobacco use during pregnancy."

"Tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with reduced birth weight, increased risks of SIDS, fetal death, spontaneous abortion, complications at birth, and can negatively impact the intellectual and behavioral development of the baby."

"How does smoking affect the oxygen and nutrient supply to a fetus?"

"Smoking reduces the oxygen and nutrients carried in the blood, which can lead to smaller babies and other complications during pregnancy."

"Define gestational diabetes and its implications for pregnant women."

"Gestational diabetes is a condition where women develop diabetes during pregnancy, which can disappear after childbirth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 40% for the mother."

"What are the potential risks of diabetes during pregnancy?"

"Diabetes during pregnancy can increase the risk of physical and mental defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia, which is a birth weight of 9 pounds or more."

"How should blood glucose levels be managed in pregnant women with diabetes?"

"Pregnant women with diabetes should closely monitor their blood glucose levels to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and their diet should be planned with a dietician or diabetes educator."

"Explain the importance of testing for diabetes during pregnancy."

"Every pregnant woman should be tested for diabetes between 16-28 weeks of gestation to ensure proper management and reduce risks to both mother and baby."

"Describe the nutritional requirements for pregnant women with diabetes."

"Nutritional requirements for pregnant women with diabetes are similar to those of normal pregnancies, but they may need to adjust their diet and possibly use insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents to control blood glucose levels."

"What additional support might pregnant adolescents need?"

"Pregnant adolescents may require prenatal health care, infant care, psychological support, nutritional guidance, economic counseling, and assistance in finding suitable housing."

"How can illegal drugs affect infants born to addicted mothers?"

"Infants born to mothers who used illegal drugs during pregnancy may be born addicted to those substances and could also be at risk for HIV."

"What is the role of AZT in pregnant women with HIV?"

"Pregnant women with HIV may be prescribed AZT to prevent the virus from spreading to the fetus."

"Describe the importance of nutrition during pregnancy for teens."

"Nutrition is crucial for supporting the growing body of pregnant teens and the development of the baby."

"Explain the risks associated with inadequate nutrition during pregnancy."

"Inadequate nutrition can lead to mental and physical birth defects, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and premature delivery, which is a leading cause of death for newborns."

"How can the WIC program assist pregnant teens?"

"The WIC program provides prenatal care, nutrition education, and adequate food to support pregnant teens."

"Define lactation and its significance after childbirth."

"Lactation is the production and secretion of breast milk to nourish an infant, managed by hormones after delivery."

"What role does prolactin play in lactation?"

"Prolactin is the hormone responsible for milk production in breastfeeding."

"How does oxytocin function in the breastfeeding process?"

"Oxytocin is responsible for ejecting milk from the breast during breastfeeding."

"Explain the let down reflex in breastfeeding."

"The let down reflex occurs when an infant sucks, releasing oxytocin and ejecting milk; more sucking leads to more milk production."

"What is the recommended approach to feeding during the first 2-3 weeks postpartum?"

"It is advised not to give additional supplements during the first 2-3 weeks to establish a feeding routine."

"Discuss the nutritional adequacy of human milk for infants in the first six months."

"Human milk meets the nutritional needs of infants during the first six months, despite its low iron content, which is well absorbed."

"When should a mother decide on breastfeeding?"

"A mother should decide whether or not to breastfeed before the baby is born."

"Can anyone breastfeed regardless of breast size?"

"Yes, almost anyone can breastfeed, regardless of breast size."

"What is the role of a lactation specialist?"

"A lactation specialist is a breastfeeding expert who assists mothers, especially if the baby isn’t latching on correctly."

"List some benefits of breastfeeding for infants."

"Breastfeeding provides superior nutrition, lowers the likelihood of infections and allergies, and helps develop immunity to diseases the mother has experienced."

"How does breastfeeding contribute to an infant's immune system?"

"When a baby is ill, bacteria transfer to the mother during breastfeeding, prompting her to produce antibodies that help protect the baby."

"What is the impact of breastfeeding on jaw and teeth development?"

"Breastfeeding is beneficial for jaw and teeth development because sucking on the breast is more challenging than sucking from a bottle."

"Describe the benefits of skin-to-skin contact between mother and child."

"Skin-to-skin contact, also known as kangaroo care, helps children feel safe, secure, and loved. It is particularly beneficial for mothers of premature babies to calm them and maintain their temperature."

"Explain the advantages of skin-to-skin contact for fathers."

"Fathers can also engage in skin-to-skin contact with their bare chest, which promotes bonding with the child and provides similar benefits as it does for mothers."

"How does skin-to-skin contact benefit mothers physically after childbirth?"

"Skin-to-skin contact helps mothers lose weight gained during pregnancy, stimulates the uterus to contract back to its original size, allows for rest, and is economical as it provides the right temperature for the baby at all times."

"Define the storage guidelines for breast milk."

"Breast milk can be kept at room temperature for 8-10 hours, in the fridge for up to 8 days, in the freezer for 3-4 months, and in a deep freezer for 12 months. Frozen milk must be used within 24 hours after defrosting."

"Explain the proper methods for warming breast milk."

"Breast milk should not be heated in a microwave or directly on the stove, as these methods can kill the immune-enhancing benefits of the milk."

"What are the calorie requirements during lactation for the first six months?"

"During the first six months of lactation, the average requirement is 750ml of milk per day, which translates to an extra 640 calories per day."

"How do calorie requirements change during the second six months of lactation?"

"In the second six months, the average milk production is 600ml per day, as the baby begins to eat solid food alongside breast milk, requiring an extra 510 calories per day."

"Describe the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for calorie intake during lactation."

"The Food and Nutrition Board recommends an increase of 500 calories per day during lactation, although this may be less than needed as it assumes that fat stored during pregnancy can be utilized."

"What is the caloric content of human milk?"

"One ounce of human milk contains approximately 20 calories."