finals oral com

finals oral com

speech acts

The performative function of communication.

locutionary act

an aspect of speech acts where the speech itself & the manner it is delivered.

perlocutionary act

an aspect of speech acts where The possible responses to illocutionary acts with more-than-one outcomes.

illocutionary act

an aspect of speech acts where The action being done as the speech is being delivered.

constative

Making something true by saying it

performative

Doing something while saying it

assertives

The speaker's assertion of the truth (i.e. I certify; I swear, etc.)

directives

The speaker's intention to make the listener do his bidding (i.e. do this, don't do that, etc.)

commissives

The speaker's commitment to doing future actions (i.e. I promise, I will, I shall, etc.)

expressives

The speaker's actual feeling being verbalized (i.e., I am sorry, thank you, I'm depressed, etc.)

declaratives

The speaker's ability to make something true just by saying it (i.e., You are the winner, I christen you Paulino, etc.)

speech context

An approach in communication

audience

a factor that means Age, preference, inclinations, orientation, connotations, etc.

setting

a factor that means Determines the register to be used.

purpose

a factor that means To inform, to express, to persuade, to entertain.

speech style

The manner by which speeches are delivered.

intimate

a style of speech style Between people with close personal relationship; less focus on language structure due to familiarity.

casual

a style of speech style Between people with friendly relationship; frequent use of slang and elided statements; common understanding.

consultative

a style of speech style Between strangers or first acquaintances; focus on verbal/nonverbal cues in order to establish connection; attempt to be clear.

formal

a style of speech style Between individuals with an official agenda; speech is planned in advance; background is always provided voluntarily.

frozen

a style of speech style Among individuals participating in a highly formal event; without the intention to be clear; understanding is left for the audience to do.

communicative competence

The ability of the speaker to know what to say and how to say it.

Structural

an aspect of communicative competence Language proficiency in the proper use of grammar, use, and articulation.

diction

The choice and use of correct and appropriate words and expressions.

pronunciation

The way utterances are articulated and spoken out as intelligible words.

syntax

The logical arrangement of words in sentences, and sentences in paragraphs, or utterances in a discourse.

lexical

an aspect of communicative competence an aspect of communicative competence

collocation

The correct word grouping or pairing.

connotation

The suggestive meaning of words.

clines

Varying levels of modification.

pragmatic

Sensitivities to the different ways of communicating in various sociocultural contexts.

gestures of politeness

Certain behaviors or practices that are specific to particular cultures.

powerplay in language

The use of word choices to adjust tone.

informal language

Specific expressions or words that are exclusive to certain groups of people

communicative strategies

The ability to observe and maintain communicative competence by using techniques that prevent communication breakdown.

preventive strategies

Techniques used to avoid incidences of misunderstanding.

restriction

“Let us talk about”

turn-taking

“Now, it’s time to listen to…”

Topic shifting

“The next issue/topic is…”

repair

“What I mean is…”

termination

“To end…”

reparative strategies

Techniques used to fix incidences of misunderstanding.

clarification

“What’s that?” “Could you say that again?”

repetition

Rhythmic builds

rephrasing

“predisposed to inattentiveness” “easily distracted”

affirming

“So, you mean to say…”

supportive strategies

Paralinguistic techniques that make communication strategies more effective

pitch

The highness or lowness of voice.

volume

The loudness or softness of voice.

rate

The no. of utterances per unit of time.

pause

Stops before, during, and after utterances.

juncture

Inter-syllabic transitions

phrasing

Pauses between phrases and clauses.

register

Appropriate word choices.

tone

Use of paralinguistic cues to express emotion.

intonation

The rising and falling of voice.

oculesics

Eye contact.

kinesics

Body language (i.e. facial expression, hand gesture, posture).

proxemics

Physical space/distance.

haptics

Physical contact (i.e. touch).