Microbiology Exam 1 study

Plasmids

Extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non crucial genes (ex. Antibiotic resistance, production of toxins)

Gram - Neg cell walls

\-thin peptidoglycan

\-outer membrane

\-periplasmic space

\-protect from phagocytes

\-made of lipopolysaccharides

\-poring form channels through membrane

\-4 ring in basal body of flagella

\-produce endo and exo toxins

\-low susceptibility to penicillin

Gram + cell walls

\-thick peptidoglycan

\-teichoic acicds

\-polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide antigen specificity

\-2 rings in basal body of flagella

\-produce exotoxins

\-high susceptibility to penicillin

\-disrupted by lysozyme

peptidoglycan

\-polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows

(NAG) (NAM)

\-rows are linked by polypeptides

flagella

\-propel bacteria

\-made of protein flagellum

\-3 parts (filament, hook, and basal body-anchors flagellum to cell wall and membrane)

\-rotate to run or tumble

Prokaryotes

\-one circular Chromosome not in a membrane

\-no histones

\-no organelles

\-divides by binary fission

eukaryotes

\-paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane

\-histones

\-organelles

\-polysaccharide cell walls

\-divide by mitosis

Smooth ER

No ribosomes

\-synthesize cell membrane, fats, and hormones

cytoplasmic

Streaming; movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell

cytoskeleton

mode of micro filaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support

sterole

Complex lipids in plasma membrane

flagella and cilia

\-both consist of microtubules made of protein tubules

\-microtubules organized as 9 pairs in a ring plus 2 in the center

group translocation

requires a transporter protein and phosphenolpyruvic acid (PEP); substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

lysosomes

\-vesicles formed in Golgi complex

\-contain digestive enzymes

vacuoles

\-cavities in the cell formed from Golgi complex

\-bring food into cells; provide shape and storage

peroxisomes

oxidize fatty acids; destroy H2O2

Centrosomes

\-networks of protein fibers and centrioles

\-form the mitosis spindle; critical role in cell division

mitochondria

\-double membrane

\-contain inner folds (cristae) and fluid (matrix)

\-involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)

naming and classifying microorganisms

\-Carlolus Linnaeus established nomenclature in 1735

\-each organism has 2 names: genus and species epithet

\-specific names are Italicized or underlined (genus is capitalized species is lowercase)

\-are latinized and used worldwide

\-may be descriptive or honor a scientist

types of microorganisms

\-bacteria

\-Achaea

\-fungi

\-Protozoa

\-algae

\-viruses

\-multicellular animal parasites

bacteria

\-Prokaryotes

\-single called

\-peptidoglycan cell walls

\-divide binary fission

\-derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

\-swim by flagella

archaea

\-prokaryotes

\-lack peptidoglycan cell wall

\-often live in extreme environments

\-include: methane genes, extreme halophiles, thermophiles

\-generally not known to cause disease in humans

fungi

eukaryotes

\-chitin cell walls

\-absorb organic chemicals for energy (heterotrophic)

\-yeast are unicellular

\-molds and mushrooms are multicellular

Protozoa

\-eukaryotes

\-absorb or ingest organic chemicals

\-may me motile (pseudopods, cilia, flagella)

\-free living or parasitic

\-reproduce sexually or asexually

algae

\-eukaryotes

\-cellulose cell wall

\-found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil

\-use photosynthesis for energy (Produces O2 and carbs)

\-asexual and sexual reproduction

viruses

\-acellular and obligate

\-between living and non living

\-consist of DNA or RNA at core

\-core is surrounded by protein coat

\-replicated only when living in host cell

multicellular animal parasites

\-eukaryotes

\-multicellular animal

\-not strictly microorganisms

\-parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths

Robert Koch

\-established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease

molecular biology

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

recombinant DNA

\-DNA made from 2 different sources

\-enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

Cesar Milstein

fused cancerous cells with antibody producing cells to produce a hybrid cell that grows continuously and produced therapeutic antibodies

microbial ecology

study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

bacillus Thuringienis

\-teat sewage

\-in bioremediation

\-as a natural insecticide

\-to recycle vital elements

refractive index

a measure of the light bending ability of a medium

mordant

used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it

Acid fast stain

\-binds only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls, which is not decolonized by acid alcohol

\-used for the identification of mycobacterium and nocardia

capsules

\-a gelatinous covering that do not accept most dyes

\-capsule-tightly bound, slimey material

\-glycocalyx-loosely bound

endoscopes

resistant, dormant structures inside some cells that cannot be stained by ordinary methods

metabolism

the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell

catabolism

\-breaks down complex molecules

\-provides energy for anabolism

\-Exergonic-reaction that releases free energy

Anabolism

\-uses energy to build complex molecules

\-end ergo it-requiring the absorption of energy

Turnover number

\-number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

\-generally 1-10,000 (Can be as high as 500,000).

Oxidoreductase

oxidation reduction rxn

transferase

transfer functional groups

hydrolase

hydrolysis

lyase

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

Isomerase

rearrangement of atoms

ligase

\-joining of molecules

\-uses ATP

apoenzyme

protein portion of enzyme (inactive when alone)

Cofactor

no protein component of enzyme

Coenzyme

organic cofactor

holoenzyme

apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active, enzyme form)

assist enzymes

electron carriers

Pathology

Study of disease

etiology

Cause of disease

pathogenesis

Development of disease

infection

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

Disease

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

microbial antagonism

a competition between microbes

symbiosis

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Syndrome

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

incidence

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

prevalence

\-number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

\-takes into account both old and new cases

endemic disease

constantly present in a population

latent disease

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produced symptoms

sepsis

\-toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins

\-from a focus of infection

bacteremia

bacteria in the blood

septicemia

\-blood poisoning

\-growth of bacteria in the blood

epidemiology

study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

morbidity

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

mortality

deaths from notifiable disease

Malaria

\-causative agent-protozoan

\-vector-mosquito

miss crystal violet step of gram stain

all organisms appear pink (Gram -)

Miss iodine step of gram stain

all cells would appear pink (gram -)

miss safranin step of grain stain

gram - bacteria would be unstained

acid fast dye

carbon fuchsin

Franchise Barre sinuossi

Discovered a virus in a patient with swollen lymph nodes; the virus was HIV

resolution

the ability of the lenses to distinguish between two points

commensalism

One organism benefits and the other is unaffected

mutualism

both organisms benefit

parasitism

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

signs

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Symptoms

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of a disease

communicable disease

a disease that is spread from one host to another

contagious disease

Diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

sporadic disease

occurs only occasionally

epidemic disease

acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

pandemic disease

worldwide epidemic

acute disease

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

Chronic disease

symptoms develop slowly

herd immunity

immunity in most of a population

Fomites

objects of material that are likely to carry infection

Lyme disease

vector-tick

Miss decolorizer step of gram stain

all organisms would appear purple (gram +)

endoscope stain dye

malachite green

amphitrichous and polar

flagellum on both sides

3 domains based on cellular organization

\-bacteria

\-Achaea

\-eukaryotic (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

biotechnology

the use of microbes for practical application such as producing food and chemicals

microbial genetics

study of how microbes inherit traits

fermentation

microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air