reasons for cell division
growth
replace worn-out or damaged cells
cells get too large to transfer materials
reproduction (different type of division)
diploid
cell with 2 copies of each chromosome
2n-number
diploid
somatic/body cells
diploid
46 chromosomes in humans (23 pairs)
diploid
haploid
cell with 1 copy of each chromosome
n-number
haploid
gametes/sex cells/germ cells
haploid
23 chromosomes in humans
haploid
chromatin
tangled mass of unwound DNA present when a cell is not dividing
chromosome
condensed form of DNA present during cell division
homologous chromosomes
a pair of matching chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)
autosomes
pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex
sex chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes that determine sex
XX
female
XY
male
karyotype
a picture of the 46 chromosomes that are arranged in pairs according to shape, size, and banding
cell cycle
sequence of growth and development of a cell (a cells life cycle)
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
mitosis
division of a somatic (body) cells nucleus
interphase
the time between cell divisions when a cell performs its regular functions
chromatin present
spindle begins to form
centrioles duplicate
G1
growth 1, cell grows and makes proteins
S
synthesis, DNA (chromosomes) are replicated
G2
growth 2, cell grows and prepares for division
prophase
chromatin coils into visible chromosomes
nuclear envelope and nucleus appear
centrioles move to the poles
sister chromatids— (doubled chromosomes) are held together by centrioles
metaphase
chromosomes are pulled to the equator of the cell by spindle fibers
anaphase
chromatid pairs are pulled apart by spindle fibers
sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes as they move toward the poles
telophase
two new cells start to form
nuclear envelope and nucleus reform
chromosomes unwind into chromatin
cytokinesis in animal cells
cleavage furrows forms and the cell pinches off
cytokinesis in plant cells
cell plate (new cell wall) forms between daughter cells
meiosis
type of division that forms gametes (sex cells)
reduces the chromosomes number from diploid to haploid
requires two sets of divisions
meiosis stage 1
first stage of meiosis which separates homologous chromosomes
major events in meiosis stage 1
chromosomes replicate
homologous chromosomes pair up
crossing over occurs
homologous chromosomes are pulled apart
two haploid cells form
crossing over
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
genetic variation of gametes in meiosis stage 1
created by crossing over and independent assortment (how the chromosomes line up)
outcome of meiosis stage 1
produces 2 haploid cells
meiosis stage 2
the second stage of meiosis which separates sister chromatids
outcomes of meiosis stage 2
produces 4 haploid gametes
centromere
holds the chromosomes together
where the spindle attaches
centriole
builds and controls the spindle