Lipid metabolism and metabolic disorder

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Lipids

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55 Terms

1

Lipids

triglycereide,phospolipid, steroids

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2

fat/triglyceride

type of lipid, source of energy

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3

excessive hepatic ketone synthesis as a result of low insulin and high glucagon/epinephrine

what leads to diabetic ketoacidosis

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4

acetoacetate, acetone, 3-hydroxybutyrate

products of ketogenesis

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5

acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate

products of ketogenesis transported in blood to peripheral tissue and reconverted to Acetyl CoA

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6

adipose tissue

where are lipids stored

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7

liver

where are lipids produced

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8

saturated

which lipid is more tightly packed

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9

saturated

which type of fat increases LDL

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10

enzyme inhibition in citric acid cycle

what stops citric acid cycle during high ATP

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11

citrate

what molecule accumulates to be fed into lipid synthesis

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12

high ATP/ high insulin

under what conditions is citrate stopped from continuing the citric acid cycle

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13

citrate shuttle

transports citrate from mitochondria to cytoplasm

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14

acetyl coA

what is citrate converted into in cytoplasm to undergo lipid synthesis

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15

palmitate

3rd step of fatty acid synthesis, most common FA, acetyl coA and malonyl group

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16

linolenic acid

precursor to omega-3

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17

linoleic acid

precursor of omega-6

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18

oleic acid

body makes minute amount conditionally essential fatty. acid

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19

arachidonic acid

important for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis, essential only in deficiency of linoleic acid (linoleic acid is a precursor)

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20

cyclooxygenase pathway

pathway that forms prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane

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21

NSAIDs

inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway

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22

aspirin (NSAIDs)

inhibits synthesis of thromboxane

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23

bile salts

aids in lipid absorption, formed from cholesterol in liver, absorbed in ileum, stored in gall bladder

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24

chylomicron

lipoprotein carrying lipids from gut to capillaries of muscle

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25

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

catalyzes break down of chylomicron into fatty acids

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26

apo CII

activates LPL( lipoprotein lipase)

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27

LPL/APo CII deficiency

leads to accumulation of chylomicron in plasma, increased risk of acute pancreatitis (inflammation in pancreas) causing abdominal pain

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28

VLDL

carries fat that body synthesizes

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29

liver

where is VLDL produced

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30

non alcoholic fatty liver

imbalance of hepatic TG synthesis and secretion of VLDL, often associated with obesity and type II diabetes

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31

metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)

another name for non-alcoholic faatty liver disease

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32

xanthomas

accumulation of fats under the skin that are not stored properly appears as yellow bumps as a result of LPL/APO II deficiency

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33

HMG CoA reductase

activated by insulin, inhibited by glucagon and statin drugs

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34

HMG CoA reductase

where does statin drug target in cholesterol synthesis

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35

acetyl coA, HMG CoA, mevalonate

cholesterol synthesis important interemeediates

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36

eicosanoids

derivatives of arachonic acid, cyclooxygenase pathway

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37

lipase

breaks down triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids

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38

glycerol kinase

enzyme that catalyses conversion of glycerol to glycerol-3-P during triglyceride lypolysis in order to make new glucose

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39

beta oxidation

oxidizing and releasing acetyl CoA from fatty acids to produce energy, acetyl CoA into citric aacid cycle, NADH and FADH to ETC

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40

carnitine shuttle

helps transport fatty acids to mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation in order to produce energy and acetyl CoA

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41

insulin inhibits carnitine shuttle

how does insulin impact carnitin shuttle

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42

hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

result of carnitine shuttle not working properly

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43

ATP production, FA synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, ketone body synthesis

metabolc fate of aceyl coA

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44

HMG CoA reductase

important enzyme cholesterol synthesis

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45

during period of prolonged starvation when glucose is not available for brain

when might acetyl CoA be converted to ketone bodies

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46

no glucose uptake in brain, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) inhibited, Protein spared

when are ketones metabolized to acetyl CoA in the brain

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47

low insulin high glucagon/epinephrine

under what conditions does ketone metabolism occur

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48

ketoacidosis

toxic affect of over production of ketone bodies

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49

ketolysis

thiophorase important enzyme, breaking down ketones to acetyl CoA for use as energy in muscle,

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50

thiophorase only present in muscle

why cant liver use ketone as fuel

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51

gaucher’s,Niemann-pick, tay-sachs, fabry’s, krabbe’s

diseases that stem from defective lipid metabolism

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52

essential fatty acids (linoleic,linolenic)/ prostaglandins as a result

type of lipid what would be the most deficient during fat-free diet

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53

carnitine shuttle

deficiency in what would cause hypoglycemia, elevated free FAs, low fatty acyl carnitine, and low ketone bodies

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54

defective lipoprotein lipase

cause of chlomicronemia (chylomicron buildup), and xanthomas

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55

sterols

This class of insoluble lipid has fused rings in its structure, is a key component of cell membranes, and functions as a precursor to Vit D

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