HA: Eyes

Eyes

transmit visual stimuli to the brain for interpretation and function as the organ of vision

Eyelids

Part of the eyes at the Upper and lower, two movable structures composed of skin and 2 types of muscles

Striated and smooth

What are the 2 muscles of the eyelids

Eyelids

That protects eye from foreign bodies and limit amount of light entering the eye. Join at two points

Puncta

What does lateral and medial canthus contains

Puncta

These are small openings that allow drainage of tears into the lacrimal system

Caruncle

Small fleshy mass that contains sebaceous glands

Palpebral fissure

White space between open eyelids or the opening between the two eyelids

Palpable fissure

When open the upper lid position should be between upper margin of the iris and pupil

Lower of iris

The lower eye lid should rest at what border

Eyelashes

projections of stiff hair curving outward along the margins of the eyelid that filter dust and dirt from air entering the eyes

Conjunctiva

Part of the eyes that is thin transparent, continuous membrane divided into 2 parts

Palpebral and Bulbar

What are the two parts of the conjunctiva

Palpebral Conjuctiva

Part of the conjuctive that lines the inside of the eye

Bulbar conjuctiva

Part of the conjuctiva that covers most of the anterior eye merging the cornea at the limbs

Lacrimal apparatus

Part of the eye that Consists of glands and ducts that lubricate the eyes

Lacrimal gland

located in the upper outer corner of the orbital cavity just above the eye

Lacrimal gland

This produces tears

Tears

What empties into the lacrimal canals and channeled into the nasolacrimal sac through the nasolacrimal duct, drain into nasal meatus

CN III Oculomotor

Cranial nerve that enables the movement of the eyes and raise eyelid

Sclera

Dense, protective white covering that physically supports the internal structures of the eye

Cornea

“window of the eye”

Cornea

Transparent that permits the entrance of light which passes through the lens to the retina.

Cornea

Part of the eye that is well supplied with nerve endings making it responsive to pain and touch

Iris

Circular disc of muscle containing pigments that determine the eye color

Ciliary body

consists of muscle tissue that controls the thickness of the lens to focus on objects near and far away

Pupil

opening at the center of the iris

Muscle of the iris

What controls the pupil’s size

Pupil constrict

What happens to the pupil if accomodate near vision

Pupil dilate

What happens if Pupil when far vision is need

Constrict

How does the pupil response to light

2.0-5.0 mm

Normal pupil size varies between

Lens

Biconvex, transparent, avascular encapsulated structure located immediately posterior to the iris

Posterior to the iris

Where is the lens located

Lens

This refract light rays onto retina to form image

Lens

Bulges to focus on close objects and flattens to focus on far objects.

Choroid layer

Contains vascularity necessary to provide nourishment to the inner aspect of the eye

Retina

“innermost layer” that receives visual stimuli and sends it to brain

Optic disc

Cream-colored, circular located in the retina. It is where optic nerve

Anterior Chamber

Located between cornea and iris

Posterior chamber

Area between iris and lens, filled with “aqueous humor

Aqueous humor

A clear fluid substance produced by ciliary body that helps cleanse and nourish cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure.

Vitreous chamber

Located behind the lens to retina, largest chamber and is filled with “vitreous humor”

Vitreous humor

A clear and gelatinous, helps maintain the round shape of the eye and help with vision clarity and shock absorbance

Visual fields

What a person sees with one eye

Constrict

The pupillary light reflex causes pupils to

Direct reflex

constriction of the pupil expose to light

Indirect/Consensual

exposure to light in one eye results to constriction of the pupil in the opposite eye

Accomodation

a functional reflex allowing the eyes to focus on near objects

Head trauma, Increase intracranial pressure

Sudden changes in vision are associated with acute problems such as

Myopia or over age 40

Spots/floaters are common among clients with

Scotoma

is a blind spot that either normal or slightly diminished peripheral vision.

Narrow angle glaucoma

Seeing halos around lights is associated with

Night blindness

may indicate optic atrophy and double vision(diplopia) may indicate increase intracranial pressure due to injury or trauma

Allergies and Irritation

Burning and itching pain is usually associated with

Excessive tearing

Is caused by exposure irritants and eye discharge suggests bacterial or viral infection

Glaucoma, Refraction errors, Macular degeneration

Eye disorders that have familial tendencies

Cataract

Exposure to UV radiation puts the client at risk for

20 feet

Test distant Visual acuity by positioning the client ___ from the Snellen Chart and ask to read each line until the client cannot decipher the letters.

20/20

Normal visual acuity

Client can see examiner’s finger at the same time they do

When doing a confrontation test, normal peripheral vision is where the client

Remain fixed straight ahead

When doing the cover test to detect deviation and alignment of sight, what should the uncovered eye show

Smooth and symmetric throughout all directions

When performing a cardinal fields or gaze test, eye movement should be

Upper margin of the iris and upper margin of the pupil

The upper lid margin should be between the

The lower border of the iris

The lower lid margin rests on

Symmetrically aligned in sockets

When observing the position and alignment of the eyeball, it should be

Protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos)

is a characteristic of Graves disease

Hyperthyroidism

Graves disease is a type of

No sweeling or drainage from the puncta

When inspecting the lacrimal apparatus, the lacrimal gland should have no

Nasolacrimal duct

There should be no drainage from the puncta when palpating the

Transparent, no opacity

When inspecting the cornea it should be

Free from opacities

When inspecting the Lens it should be

Round, flat, evenly colored

When inspecting the Iris it should be

Constriction

When assesing the consensual reponse, the normal direct consensual pupillary response is

Pseudo strabismus, strabismus

What are cornela light reflex test abnormalities

Phoria eyes

two eyes are no longer looking at the same object

6th, 4th, 3rd

Paralytic strabismus affects these nerve into paralysis

3rd nerve paralysis

What nerve in Paralytic strabismus where the eye looks straight ahead

4th nerve paralysis

What nerve in Paralytic strabismus where the eyes cannot look down when turned inward

Ptosis

drooping of eyelid

Exophthalmos

bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit

Entropion

condition which eyelid usually lower one turned inward

Ectropion

Condition which eyelid turns outward

Chalazion

small slow growing lump/cyst develops in the eyelid

Blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelids

Conjuctivitis

inflammation of conjunctiva

Hordeolum / stye

acute localized swelling of the eyelid may be external or internal

Unilateral blindness

no light perception, pupillary light reflex is absent

Bitemporal hemianopia

type of partial blindness in outer half of both right and left visual field

Pterygium

Corneal abnormality where there is pinkish triangular tissue growth

Nucleus cataract

Lens of the eye turns yellow and brown and makes vision worse

Peripheral cataract

Lens abnormality where it begins on the outside edge of the lens

Miosis

excessive constriction of the pupil

Anisocoria

Pupil of one eye differs in size from the other pupil

Mydriasis

unusual dilation of the pupils

Papilledema

swollen optic nerve

Glaucoma

damage optic nerve

Optic atrophy

death of retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve with a resulting picture of a pale optic nerve on ophthalmoscopy

Presbyopia

is a common, natural condition( part of aging) in clients over 45 years of age. Gradual loss of your eye’s ability to focus on nearby objects.