AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 3: Learning Psychology Set II
AP Practice
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20 Terms
Negative Reinforcement
increasing behaviours by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Primary Reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Reinforcement Schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed Ratio Schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Variable Ratio Schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed Interval Schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable Interval Schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behaviour that it follows
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Intrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you control your own fate
Observational Learning
learning by observing others
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour
