Body Systems (Musculoskeletal)

Bony Skeleton

Bony Skeleton

provides a framework or shape for the body; supports the weight of the body; protects and supports the soft body organs

Muscles

stabilise the joints; provide body posture; produce heat and help to maintain the body's temperature.

Sternocleidomastoid

Originates at the sternum and medial clavicle - inserts into mastoid process of temporal bone. Located at the side of the neck from the thorax to the base of the skull.

Occipitalis

Attaches to the occipital bone and skin of the scalp. Back of head.

Pectoralis major/minor

Arises from anterior surface of clavicle, inserts into bicipital groove of humerus.

Erector spinae

Attaches to the sacrum and the iliac crest of pelvis at one end, then to the ribs and the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebrae, and finally to the occipital bone at the other end.

Trapezius

Extends horizontally from the base of the skull and the cervical and thoracic vertebrae to the scapula

Levator scapula

From the scapula to the cervical vertebrae of the neck. Long strap-like muscle that runs almost vertically through the neck.

Rhomboids

the upper thoracic vertebrae at one end and the medial border of the scapula at the other end. Between the scapula.

Supraspinatus

Attaches to the spine of the scapula at one end and the humerus at the other end.

Infraspinatus

Attaches to the middle two-thirds of the scapula at one end and the top of the humerus at the other

Teres major

Attaches to the bottom lateral edge of the scapula at one end and the back of the humerus at the other end.

Teres minor

Attaches to the lateral edge of the scapula, above teres major at one end and into the top of the posterior of the humerus at the other end.

Deltoid

Attaches to the clavicle and the spine of the scapula at one end and to the side of the humerus at the other.

Biceps

Attaches to the scapula at one end and the radius and flexor muscles of the forearm at the other end.

Triceps

Attaches to the posterior of humerus and the outer edge of the scapula at one end, to ulna below the elbow at the other end.

Rectus abdominis

Bases of 5-7th ribs and the inferior sternum. Pubic crest and symphysis pubis.

Transversus abdominis

Inferior sternum, linea alba and pubis.

Internal and external obliques

Bases of lower three ribs and iliac crest and the linea alba.

Latissimus dorsi

Lateral anterior aspect of head of humerus.

Gluteus maximus

Outer aspect of femur.

Hamstrings

Tibia and fibula at either side of popliteal; (semitendinosus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus)

Quadriceps

Superior border of patella, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament and tibial tuberosity via patellar; (rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis)

Gastrocnemius

Through Achilles tendon on heel.

Soleus

Through Achilles tendon to heel.

206

The human bony skeleton is made up of ______ bones.

Cartilage

a strong connective tissue that provides protection to the ends of the bones in a joint. It stops the bones rubbing together and reduces friction.

Tendons

These are made of fibrous connective tissue and connect muscles to bone. These allow for the movement of the limbs of the body and also absorb some of the impact of muscle movement.

Ligaments

also composed of fibrous connective tissue and attaches bone to bone. They strengthen the joint and assist in stabilising the bone and muscle.

Joints

An area where two or more bones are in contact with each other - almost every bone in the body joins or articulates with another bone.

Immovable joints

These joints do not allow for any movement and the sutures of the skull represent this type of joint.

Slightly movable joints

These joints allow for extremely limited movement and the example of this is movement of the spinal column at the intervertebral discs.

Freely movable joints

These joints have much greater flexibility and represent most of the joints of the skeleton.

Hinge Joint

the type of joint in the elbow, that moves on just one asxis and allows for flexion and extension.

Condyloid joint

the type of joint in the wrist, that allows for a circular motion as well as flexion and extension.

Gliding Joint

the type of joint in the vertebrae, that move against each other in a gliding motion as the body moves.

Pivot joint

the type of joint at the top of the spine the atlas and axis, that allows for rotation of the head.

Saddle joint

The joint where the thumb joins the hand, which lets the thumb cross over the palm making it opposable.

Sutures

non-moving joints that connect bones of the skull. These joints have serrated edges that lock together with fibres of connective tissue.

movable synovial joint

the joint connecting the mandible to the temporal bone

Skeletal muscles

also known as voluntary muscles, muscles that are attached to the bone. Their function is to produce movement and maintain body posture.

Smooth muscles

also known as involuntary or visceral muscles; they control the actions of our bladder, stomach and blood vessels. Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures.

Cardiac muscle

muscle located in the heart. It is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that causes the heart to beat.

Atrophy

a waste away of body tissue or an organ, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

a painful, degenerative joint disease that often involves the hips, knees, neck, lower back, or small joints of the hands. This usually develops in joints that are injured by repeated overuse from performing a particular task

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

an autoimmune inflammatory disease that usually involves various joints in the fingers, thumbs, wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees, feet and ankles. Here, the body releases enzymes that attack its own healthy tissues, destroying the linings of joints.

Bone cancer

This may be due to a primary cancer that begins in the bone or spreads to the bone as secondary cancer from another part of the body such as cancer in the lungs, breast or prostate.

Bone Fractures

a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone. It can be the result of high-force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones

Osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones become less dense and more likely to fracture. It can impair a person's ability to walk and can cause prolonged or permanent disability

Myalgia

pain in the muscle; usually localised, affecting just one or more muscles or parts of your body.

Spasms

Occurs due to dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. It occurs abruptly, is painful, is usually short-lived and may be relieved by gently stretching the muscle.

Myositis

inflammation of muscle; can be caused by infection, injury, some medicines, exercise, and chronic disease.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Symptoms include numbness, tingling and a burning pain in the hand. It start off by occurring at night, often waking the person, later they may also be experienced during the day and in some cases be so severe they can interfere with the normal use of the hand.

Gout

In this disease, small crystals (uric acid) form in and around the joint, causing inflammation, pain and swelling.

Bursitis

Excessive use of a joint or stress on a bursa.

Dislocation

This displaces the articulating bones of a joint and usually results from a fall or other unusual body movement; produces an obvious deformity of the joint, some loss of ability to move the articulated bones, localised pain and swelling