Ruminant Urogenital System - Dr. Masty

Renal pyramid in ruminants

urine producing unit of the kidney

Two parts of the renal pyramid in ruminants:

1.) cortex

2.) medulla

In the small ruminant kidney, the cortex is _______ and the medulla is ________

fused; fused

The small ruminant kidney has a ____________ collecting system

unipyramidal

unipyramidal collecting system

the kidney only has one pyramid with one entirely fused cortex and one entirely fused medulla

Two parts of the unipyramidal collecting system

1.) renal crest

2.) renal pelvis

renal crest

ridge of medulla that projects into renal pelvis; drains into the renal pelvis

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney; drains into the ureter

For the small ruminant kidney, the ureter drains into the...

bladder

In the bovine kidney, the cortex is _______ and the medulla is ________

unfused; unfused

The bovine kidney has a ____________ collecting system

multipyramidal

multipyramidal collecting system

multiple pyramids with an unfused cortex and medulla each

Two parts of the multipyramidal kidney:

1.) renal papilla

2.) minor calyx

renal papilla

tip of bovine medulla where urine drains in each pyramid

minor calyx

a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that collects urine from the renal papilla

Ureter structure of the bovine kidney

has cranial and caudal principal branches that collect urine from each minor calyx; all drain into the main ureter

The principal branches of the ureter are aka...

major calyx

The right kidney of ruminants is located over the transverse processes of ___-___

L1-L3

The left kidney of ruminants is located over the transverse processes of ___-___

L3-L5

The left kidney of ruminants is on the _____ side of the body!

right

Urethra of female ruminants has a special structure called the...

suburethral diverticulum

suburethral diverticulum

outpouching of the urethra in females; at the level of the external urethral orifice

The prepuce of the ruminant is a ________ fold

single

*similar to dog

*unlike horse who has 2 folds

Two muscles of the ruminant prepuce:

1.) preputial protractor

2.) preputial retractor

preputial protractor

covers the glans penis

preputial retractor

exposes the glans penis

Tissue type of the ruminant penis:

fibroelastic

Why is the ruminant penis considered fibroelastic?

the corpus cavernosum is a very dense, connective tissue making up the bulk of the penis

Three parts of the ruminant penis:

1.) root

2.) body

3.) glans

root of the penis

made up of left and right crus and the bulb of the penis

the root of the penis is surrounded by the __________ muscle

ischiocavernosus

body of the penis

fusion of the left and right crus

The body of the ruminant penis has a special structure called the...

sigmoid flexure

sigmoid flexure

the s-shaped curve of the body of the penis

What muscle attaches to the sigmoid flexure?

retractor penile muscle

On cross section, the ruminant penis has three layers:

1.) tunica albuginea

2.) corpus cavernosum

3.) corpus spongiosum

tunica albuginea

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire penis

corpus cavernosum of the ruminant penis

filled with connective tissue (as opposed to the horse that has more erectile tissue)

corpus spongiosum of the ruminant penis

surrounds the urethra

Glans penis of the small ruminant

has a very long urethral process that extends past the glans

Glans penis of the bovine ruminant

has a short urethral process

Main blood supply to the penis in ruminants:

internal iliac artery

The internal iliac artery is much ________ compared to the equine species

longer

The internal iliac artery gives rise to the...

internal pudendal artery

The internal pudendal artery is much ________ compared to the equine species

shorter

Last branch of the internal pudendal artery

ventral perineal branch

After the ventral perineal branch, the internal pudendal artery changes names to...

artery of the penis

The artery of the penis has two branches:

1.) artery of bulb of penis

2.) deep artery of penis

artery of bulb of penis supplies...

corpus spongiosum

deep artery of penis supplies...

the crus of the penis

Once the deep artery of penis branches off, the artery of the penis changes names to...

dorsal artery of the penis

The testicle is oriented _________ to the ground in ruminants

vertically

A

testicular nerve, artery, vein, and lymphatics

B

ductus deferns

C

body of epididymis

D

ligament of the tail of the epididymis

E

tail of the epididymis

F

proper ligament of the testis

G

head of the epididymis

Four accessory sex glands in the ruminant:

1.) bulbourethral gland

2.) prostate

3.) vesicular gland

4.) ampulla

The bulbourethral gland is located at the level of the...

ischial arch

The bulbourethral gland is covered by the ________ muscle

bulbospongiosus

*different than horse (bulboglandularis)

The bulbourethral glands empty into...

urethral diverticulum

The prostate has two parts in the bovine:

1.) body

2.) disseminate part surrounding the urethra

The prostate is covered by what muscle?

urethralis

The prostate will open directly into...

urethra

How is the small ruminant prostate different from the bovine?

it only has a disseminate part, no body

Vesicular gland

large and lobular in ruminants

Structure of the vesicular gland

ejaculatory orifice

ejaculatory orifice

common opening of the vesicular gland and ampulla on the colliculus seminalis

Ampulla

dilated end of the ductus deferens

Structure of the ampulla

ejaculatory orifice

The ruminant ovary is more _______ and ______ than the equine ovary

caudal; ventral

Location of the ovary in ruminants

ventral shaft of the ilium at the pelvic inlet

The ovary is relatively _______ in size and _________ shaped

small; oval

Ovulation occurs where in ruminants?

over the entire surface of the ovary (unlike equine where there one one spot designated as an ovulation fossa)

Proper ligament of the ovary

attaches the ovary to the uterine horn

How is the ruminant ovary suspended in the pelvic cavity?

by the mesovarium portion of the broad ligament of the uterus

Ovarian bursa

sac that contains the entire ovary

How is the ruminant uterine tube suspended in the pelvic cavity?

by the mesosalpinx portion of the broad ligament of the uterus

Where the uterine tube travels caudally pulling the mesosalpinx with it forms the...

lateral wall of the ovarian bursa

fimbriae

finger or fringe like projections that sweep the egg into the entrance of the uterine tube

Entrance of the uterine tube is called the...

abdominal ostium

Exit of the uterine tube is called the...

uterine ostium

The uterine tube will exit into the...

uterine horns

Three parts of the ruminant uterus:

1.) uterine horns

2.) uterine body

3.) cervix

Appearance of the uterine horns

coiled appearance

The distal ends of the uterine horns are _______ by...

united; a common serosal and muscular coat

Where the distal ends of the uterine horns are united gives the horns a deceptive appearance that...

the uterine body is wayyy longer than it really is

How are the ruminant uterine horns suspended in the pelvic cavity?

mesometrium of the broad ligament

Intercornual ligament

ligament connecting the two uterine horns where they are diverging; used to stabilize the uterus during rectal palpation

Two parts of the intercornual ligament

1.) dorsal part

2.) ventral part

The uterine body is deceptively ________

short (due to fusion of distal ends of uterine horns)

How is the ruminant uterine body suspended in the pelvic cavity?

mesometrium portion of the broad ligament of the uterus

caruncles

bumps on the mucosal surface of the uterine body and horns; maternal in origin

What shape are the caruncles in the bovine?

oval shaped

What shape are the caruncles in the small ruminant?

cup-like/crater

The ruminant cervix is relatively ________

long

The cervix is made up of a series of interlocking _______ and _______ folds

circular; longitundial

Entrance into the cervix is called the...

internal uterine orifice