Human Anatomy Chapters 21-23

What are the lymphatic system’s 2 functions?

• Immunity

• Fluid Balance

What are the Lymphatic Vessels from Smallest to Largest?

• Capillaries

• Vessels

• Trunks

• Ducts

Jugular Trunks

Drain lymph from head and neck

Lumbar Trunks

Drain lymph from lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic wall

Intestinal Trunk

Drain lymph from most abdominal structures

Subclavian Trunks

Drain lymph from upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall

Bronchomediastinal Trunks

Drain lymph from the deep thoracic structures

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Secondary, Protects mucosal membranes against foreign substances

Lymph Nodes

Secondary, Filter lymph; initiates immune system response against a substance in lymph

Tonsils

Secondary, oral cavity and pharynx, Protect against inhaled and ingested substances

Thymus

Primary, Superior Mediastinum, Site of T-Lymphocyte maturation and differentation

Lymphatic Nodules

Secondary, Protect body organs

Spleen

Secondary, left upper quadrant, Filters blood, largest organ in lymphatic system

Red Bone Marrow

Primary, Site of blood production and b-lymphocyte maturation, spongey bone

Lingual Tonsils

Posterior third of tongue

Pharyngeal Tonsils

Posterior wall of pharynx and oral cavity

Palatine Tonsils

Posteriorolateral region of oral cavity

Peyer’s Patches

In mucosa of ileum, act as immune receptors in the gut

Infectious Agent

An organism that causes damage or death to host they invade

Fungi

Eukaryotes with cell wall that produces spores

Prions

Small fragments of infectious protein that causes disease in nervous tissue

Protozoans

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms without a cell wall that interfere with normal cellular functions

Parasites

Non-microscopic organisms that reside within a hst from which they take nourishment

Viruses

DNA/RNA within a protein capsid or shell that must enter a cell to replicate

Bacteria

Microscopic single-celled organisms composed of prokaryotic cells

Events of Immunity

• Prevent entry of infectious agents

• Innate Immunity

• Adaptive Immunity

Interferon

Antimicrobial protein that prevents viral spread

Inflammation

An immediate, local, and nonspecific immune system response

Fever

Abnormal elevation in body temperature

Complement

Group of diverse proteins that work alongside an antibiotic

Autoimmune Disorder

When the adaptive immunity attacks itself

Immunogenicity

Antigen’s ability to cause an immune response

Hapten

Small substance that must bind to a carrier molecule to cause an immune response

Antigen

Substance that binds to a component of the adaptive immune system

Antigenic Determinant

Specific area of an antigen that directly binds with lymphocytes or antibodies

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Membrane protein holding the antigen on the cell membrane

Antigen Presentation

Process of placing an antigen on cell membrane

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Immune system cells that aid in adaptive immunity by displaying antigens to T-cells

What are the Lymphatic Vessels?

• Right Lymphatic Duct

• Thoracic Duct

• Cisterna Chyli

• Lymphatic Trunks

• Lymphatic Vessels

What are the Lymph Structures?

• Tonsils

• Lymph Nodes (Cervical)

• Lymph Nodes (Axillary)

• Spleen

• MALT

• Thymus

• Red Bone Marrow

• Lymph Nodes (Inguinal)

Lymph

Usually transparent fluid found in lymph vessels; derived from intersitial fluid; water, dissolved solutes, protein, and immune cells

B-Lymphocytes

Immune cells that function in anti-body mediated immunity; matures into plasma cells

T-Lymphocytes

Adaptive immune system that functions in cell-mediated immunity; matures in plasma cells

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

Moves lymph towards lymph nodes

Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

Originates at the involuted portion of lymph node known as hilum; lymph is drained via efferent lymphatic vessels

Hilum

Part of organ where structures enter and leave

Cytokine

Protein that regulates and facilitates immune system activity

Interleukin

Regulates immune cells

Tumor Necrosis Factor

Destroys tumor cells

Colony Stimulating Factor

Stimulates leukopoiesis in bone marrow

Innate Immunity

Provided by multiple components that protect against a wide array of substances; immediate response

Adaptive Immunity

Provided by lymphocytes that are activated to replicate and respond when stimulated by a specific antigen; delayed response

Neutrophils

Most common WBCs; phagocytize bacteria

Macrophages

Derived from monocytes

Dendritic Cells

Phagocytic cells of skin and mucous membranes

Complement System

• Increase Inflammation

• Eliminating immune complexes

• Osponization

• Inducing cytolysis

Events of Inflammation

• Release of Chemicals

• Vascular Changes

• Recruitment of Leukocytes

• Delivery of plasma proteins to site

Stages of Fever

• Onset

• Stadium

• Defervescence

What are the benefits of Fever?

• Inhibits bacteria replication

• Promotes interferons

• Accelerates tissue repair

What are the functions of the Respiratory System?

• Passageway for air

• Conditions inhaled air

• Olfaction

• Sound production

What is part of the upper respiratory track?

• Nose

• Nasal Cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

What is part of the lower respiratory track?

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveolar Ducts

• Alveoli

Conducting Zone

Transports air from nose to terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone

Transports air from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Olfactory Region

Superior portion of the nasal cavity; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and receptor cells

Respiratory Region

Lined with mucosa; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Functions of Larynx

• Produces sound

• Serves as passageway for air

• Prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory track

• Assists in increasing pressure in abdomen cavity

• Sneeze/Cough Reflex

Apex

Extremity of a conical or pyramidal structure; e.g., the inferior, conical end of the heart.

Horizontal Fissure

Separates superior lobe from the middle lobe

Oblique Fissure

Separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe

Lingula

tongue-shaped projection from superior lobe of left lung that is homologous to middle lobe of right lung

What two indentions does the left lung have to accomodate the heart?

• Cardiac Impression on Medial Surface

• Cardiac Notch on Anterior Surface

What are the Four Respiration Processes?

• Pulmonary Ventilation

• Pulmonary Gas Exchange

• Gas Transport

• Tissue Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Ventilation

Movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of lungs

Pulmonary Gas Exchange

Exchange of respiratory gases between the air in alveoli within the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Gas Transport

Transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body

Tissue Gas Exchange

Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and systemic cells of the body

Inspiration

Inhalation

Expiration

Exhalation

Diaphragm

Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; thoracic diaphragm aids in breathing.