Anthro ch 2

Ancestory

genealogical descent and geographic regoin of origin

ie African, asian, european

ethnicity

cultural/linguistic group

ie french, russian, japanese

Race

historical and soically constructed typology with discrete categories and described characteristics

ie black and white

Linnaeus

Came up with four cateogories of humans 

1) africans ( black skinned ,erratic)

2) Native Americans ( red skinned, habitual)

3) Asians (yellow or brown skinned, belief)

4) europeans ( white skinned, custom)

Samuel George morton

early pioneer of anthropology in America

caucasian cranial volume calculations

Johann Blumenbach

German anatomist, “father of physical anthropology” known for his five classifications of human races (Mongoloids, malays, ethiopions, AM indians, caucasoids)

Anthropometry

measurements and proportions of the body

craniometry

measurements and proportions of the skull and cranium

phrenology

study of skull shape, size and geometry

supposed indicator of mental abilities, personality, and temperament

ales hrdlicka

pioneer of ‘physical anthropology’

founder of american journal of physical anthropology 

arthur de gobineau

essay on the inequality of human races

eugenics

theory that humans can be improved through selective breeding and sterilization

first put forward by anthropologists

scientific racism

ideology that appropriates scientific methods to argue for superiority of a specific racial category 

franz boas

founder of american anthropological association

tested idea that races were static 

skull shape does vary within raciall groups and was not fixed

sherwood washburn

‘new physical anthropology’

transition to refering to populations instead of races

rc lewontin

moved from skull shape to DNA

if races were real then blood types would cluster along raical catrgories

missing white women syndrome

more media attetion and resources devoted to women who are white

non-concordant

human traits do not depend on each other

clines/ human variation as clincal/continuous

ex: height range

homogenous

all humans are 99.9% identical

human variation is much lower than other mammals

phenotypic plasticity

phenotype is the result of genotype and external factors

in utero, during growth, during adulthood 

growth velocity

the rate of change in body size (like height or weight) over time

homeostasis

a state of balance needed for the body to survive and function correctly

stressors

any stimulus resulting in an imbalance in an organism’s homeostasis

levels of adaptation

genetic, developmental, acclimatization, cultural

genetic adaptation

takes generations, changes populations, via natural selection, ex: skin color

developmental adaptation

happens during critical periods, individual level, ontogenetic, cannot be reversed after critical period, ex: lung size

acclimatization adaptation

anytime during one’s life, individual, physiological, can be reversed, ex: skin tanning

cultural adaptation

anytime during life, individual + population, behavioral, very flexible, ex: clothing

homeothermic

humans have to contain a constant internal temp (98.6 F)

humans must adapt to extreme temp

perspiration

sweating

reaction to heat stress

vasodilation

blood vessals expand to increase blood flow

shivering

reaction to cold stress

vasoconstiction

blood pulls into core of body

reaction to cold stress

basal metabolic rate

the minimum energy (calories) your body needs at rest to sustain vital functions like breathing, circulation, and maintaining body temperature

bergmann’s rule

body size/shape conform to environmental climate

small bodies adapted to cold and large bodies adapted to hot 

allen’s rule

limb size/shape conform to environmental climate

longer limbs in hot and shorter limbs in cold

altitude

can cause stressors

cold temp, decreased oxygen

humans acclimatize

uv radiation

uv rays penetrate the cell and damage DNA

increase risk of skin cancers

melanin

everyone has it in their skin

eumelanin

a brown-black melanin pigment responsible for the color of hair, skin, and eyes

pheomelanin

a reddish-yellow, sulfur-containing pigment responsible for hair, skin, and eye colors like red and blonde

activated melanogenesis

increase in melanin production in response to ultraviolet radiation exposure

vitamin d synthesis

helps regulate calcium absorption

critical for skeletal development and bone health

requires exposure from uv rays 

lactase persistance/lactose intolerence

lactase(enzyme) needed to digest lactose(sugar)

mutation prevalent in populations with history of dairying animal domestication

osteology

the study of bones and teeth

hydroxyapatite

inorganic material that makes up 40% of bones

cortical bone

aka compact bone

external surface of the bone

dense, few pores or spaces 

trabecular bone

aka cancellous bone, spongy bone

internal structure of bone

allows passage of nerves and blood

standard anatomical position

standing feet together palms forward

anterior

front facing, infront of

posterior

back facing, behind

superior

something above

inferior

below something

proximal

closer to main body

distal

farther from main body 

medial

closer to midline of the body

lateral

farther from midline of the body

cranial

skull

postcranial

neck down

axial

main center body (head, neck, torso)

appendicular

limbs (arms, legs)

skull

houses and protects brain

underlying architecture for the face

high symbolic value across human cultures

22 bones in total

cranial bones

frontal, parietals, occipital, temporarls, sphenoid, ethmoid

facial bones

maxilla(x2), nasal(x2), zygomatic(x2), mandible

hyoid

“floating bone”

muscle attachment site (tongue)

thoracic cage

protecting internal organs

sternum (breastbone)

vertebral column (spine)

upper limb

shoulder girdle

• clavicle (collerbone)

• scapula ( shoulder blade) 

Arm

• humerus

• ulna

• radius

hand

27 bones

• carpals (x8)

• metacarpals (x5)

• phalanges (x14)

pelvis

ossa coxae

• ilium, pubis, ischium

sacrum

coccyx

lower limb

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

foot

26 bones

• tarsal (x7)

• metatarsals (x5)

• phalanges (x14)

odontology

the study of structures and diseases of teeth

types of teeth

incissors, canine, premolars, molars

dental formula

adult: 2.1.2.3

non-adult: 2.1.0.2

primatology

study of primates

• anatomy and behavior

• genetics and evolution

• extinct species

• similarities/differences to humans

distinguishing traits of primates

arboreal adaptation

enhanced vision

reduced olfaction

dietary plasticity

extended life history

sociality

arboreal adaptation

adaptations for tree climbing and movement in trees

mobile joints

enhanced vision

binocular and stereoscopic vision

• both eyer are forward facing

• three dimensional perception

reduced olfaction

reliance on vision, reduction in smell

reduced or no snout in most primates

no rhinarium

dietary plasticity

varied, omnivorous diet

extended life history

longer time to reach full maturity

reliance on learner behaviors

generational learning

sociality

strong complex social networks

live in home range

diverse hierarchies or ranks

pentadactyl

five digits

opposable thumb

power grip

wrap thumb around object

precision grip

hold something between thumb and two fingers

binocular vision

the ability to see with two working eyes

3D vision

stereoscopic vision

the ability to perceive depth and a third dimension by merging the slightly different images in each eye

diurnal

daily variations in vision due to circadian rhythms and other factors, which can cause temporary changes in visual acuity, refractive error, or other visual functions throughout the day

nocturnal

the ability to see in low-light conditions, relying on rod cells in the retina and a larger pupil to let in more light

post orbital plate/bar

a bony arch that forms a partial or complete ring around the eye socket

rhinarium

wet nose

primates do not have

omnivorous

an animal that eats both plants and animal

heterodontic

having different types of teeth, such as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, which are each specialized for different functions like cutting, tearing, and grinding food

diastema

a space separating teeth of different functions, especially that between the biting teeth (incisors and canines) and grinding teeth (premolars and molars) in rodents and ungulates.

streppsirrhines

the lesser primates

• lemurs, lories, aye-aye, galagos

least closely related to humans

smaller brains + small bodies

rely on smell and have longer snouts

lemurs

madagascar

most diverse primate (100 taxa)

retain primitive traits

• scent marking 

female centered

tarsiifromes

tarsiers

tarsiers

found in asia

large fixed, eyes

nocturnal

carnivorous diet

platyrrhines

marmosets, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, etc.

central and south america (new world)

arboreal habitat

prehensile tail

broad flat nose, round nostrils, pointing to side