Introduction to Chemistry

What is everything in the universe made of?

Matter

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Can you create or destroy matter?

No, you can change it, but it will still be there

Much of matter and its behavior is ...

Macroscopic

What does macroscopic mean?

Big, you do not need a microscope to observe it

Matter that cannot be seen with the naked eye is called...

Microscopic

What does microscopic mean?

You need a microscope to see it

____________ are made up of particles called __________

Elements, atoms

Can you see atoms with the naked eye?

No, they are so tiny you cannot even see them with a microscope

What are atoms considered?

Submicroscopic

What does submicroscopic mean?

So tiny you can't even see them with a microscope

What is a substance?

Matter that has a definite composition (aka chemical)

Give an example of a substance

Ozone

How is ozone formed?

When oxygen (o2) is exposed to ultraviolet radiation

What is mass?

A measurement that reflect the amount of matter in an object

What is weight?

A measure of mass and the force of gravity on an object

Weight can __________ from place to place, but mass ____________________

Change, stays constant

Are there many fields of chemistry?

Yes, because there are so many different kinds of matter

Organic chemistry

Study of carbon-containing chemicals

Inorganic chemistry

Study of matter that does not contain carbon

Physical chemistry

The behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes

Analytical chemistry

Components and composition of substances

Biochemistry

Matter and processes of living organisms

Environmental chemistry

Matter and the environment

Industrial chemistry

Chemical processes in industry

Polymer chemistry

Polymers and plastics

Theoretical chemistry

Chemical interactions

Thermochemistry

Heat involved in chemical processes

What is the scientific method?

A systematic approach used in scientific study

The steps in the scientific method are...

Repeated until a hypothesis is reached

First step of scientific method

An observation is the act of gathering information

What is qualitative data?

Data obtained through observations that describe color, smell, shape, or other physical characteristic related to five senses

What is quantitative data?

Data obtained from numeral observations that describe how much, how little, how big, or how fast

Second step of scientific method

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for what has been observed

Third step of scientific method

An experiment is a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis

Fourth step of scientific method

A variable is a quantity or condition that can have more than one value

What are the three variables of an experiment?

Independent variable, dependent variable, control

What is an independent variable?

Variable that you plan to change

What is a dependent variable?

Variable that changes in value in response to a change in the independent variable

Fifth step of scientific method (also what is a control?)

A control is a standard for comparison in the experiment

Sixth step of scientific method

A conclusion is a judgement based on the information obtained from the experiment

Seventh step of scientific method

A theory is an explanation that has been repeatedly supported by many experiments

A theory states a broad principle...

That has been supported over time by repeated testing

When are theories successful?

If they can be used to make predictions that are true

Eighth and final step of scientific method

A scientific law is a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments, and no exceptions to these relationships are found

What are the two kinds of research?

Pure and applied

What is pure research?

Research to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself

What is applied research?

Research is research undertaken to solve a specific problem

When do chance discoveries occur?

When scientists obtain results that are far different from what they expected

Give an example of a chance discovery?

Flemming discovered penicillin on accident