Chemical process that converts energy from the sun into food for plants
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Chemosynthesis
Chemical process that a few producers use to convert compounds from their environment into nutrients, without sunlight
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Primary Consumers (Herbivores)
Herbivores, eat producers
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Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)
Carnivores, eat herbivores
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Third or Higher-Level Consumers
Carnivores, eat other carnivores
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Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals
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Decomposers
Consumers that release nutrients from the dead bodies of plants and animals and return them to the soil
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Aerobic Respiration
The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen
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Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen
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Food Chain
A sequence of organisms that serve as energy for the next
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Food Web
Interconnected food chains
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Biomass
Weight of organic matter in an organism
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Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of usable chemical energy that is transferred from one level to the next
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Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Rate at which an ecosystems producers convert solar energy to chemical energy
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Net primary productivity (NPP)
Rate at which producers produce and store chemical energy minus the right that they use for life process
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Biogeochemical Cycles
Nutrient cycles
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Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle
Collects, purifies, and distributes the earths fixed supply of water
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Transpiration
water evaporates from the surface of plants
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Nitrogen Cycle
Repeating the cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things
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Nitrogen Fixation
Specialized bacteria in soil and algae in water combine nitrogen gas with hydrogen to make ammonia
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Denitrification
Converting nitrate to nitrogen gas
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Acid Deposition (acid rain)
Rain that has been made acidic by certain pollutants in the air
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Phosphorus Cycle
Cycling of phosphorus through the earth's crust, living organisms, and water
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Sulfur Cycle
Cycling of sulfur
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Eukaryotic Cell
A type of cell that is surrounded by a membrane, nucleus, and other parts.
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Prokaryotic Cell
A type of cell surrounded by a membrane, but no distinct internal parts or nucleus.
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Genetic Diversity
Reason why people are different from one another
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Community or Biological Community
Population of different species living in a particular place and potentially interacting
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Ecosystem
Where communities of different species interact with each other.
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Biosphere
Large regions with distinct climates and certain species adapted to them.
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Troposphere
Lower part of the atmosphere, contains nitrogen, weather, and greenhouse gases
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Greenhouse Gases
They trap heat and are in the troposphere.
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Stratosphere
Second layer of the atmosphere that has the ozone layer
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Geosphere
Consists of the core, the mantle, and the crust
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Biomes
Large regions with distinct climates and certain species adapt to them
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Hydrosphere
All of the water on or near the earth’s surface
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Aquatic life zones
Biomes in water can be freshwater or marine
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Abiotic
Nonliving components
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Biotic
Living components
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Trophic Level
The feeding level of organisms in an ecosystem
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Producers/Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food
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Photosynthesis
Chemical process that converts energy from the sun into food for plants
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Chemosynthesis
Chemical process that a few producers use to convert compounds from their environment into nutrients, without sunlight.
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Primary Consumers (Herbivores)
Herbivores, eat producers.
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Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)
Carnivores, eat herbivores
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Third or Higher-Level Consumers
Carnivores, eat other carnivores
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Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals
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Decomposers
Consumers that release nutrients from the dead bodies of plants and animals and return them to the soil.
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Aerobic Respiration
The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen
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Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation
The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen
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Food Chain
A sequence of organisms that serve as energy for the next
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Food Web
Interconnected food chains
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Biomass
Weight of organic matter in an organism
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Ecological Efficiency
Percentage of usable chemical energy that is transferred from one level to the next
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Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar energy to chemical energy
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Net primary productivity (NPP)
Rate at which producers produce and store chemical energy minus the right that they use for life process.
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Hydrologic Cycle or Water Cycle
Collects, purifies, and distributes the earth’s fixed supply of water.
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Transpiration
water evaporates from the surface of plants
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Nitrogen Cycle
Repeating the cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things
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Nitrogen Fixation
Specialized bacteria in soil and algae in water combine nitrogen gas with hydrogen to make ammonia
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Denitrification
Converting nitrate to nitrogen gas
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Carbon Cycle
How carbon circulates through the biosphere. It is based on CO2 gas and involves photosynthesis, respiration, fossil fuels, etc.
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Phosphorus Cycle
Cycling of phosphorus through the earth's crust, living organisms, and water.
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Sulfur Cycle
How sulfur circulates through the biosphere. It involves SO4 2- salts in deep ocean sediments, rock, H2S from bogs, swamps, etc., SO2 from volcanoes, and H2SO4 from the atmosphere to land.
Studied by 5 people
