Social Studies Test: Gunpowder Empires, the Fall of the Ottomans, and the Middle East Peace Settlement

iqta

non hereditary land grant, often issued by sultans in return for military service.

beylic

territory ruled by a bey, or leader

Osman

Founder of the Ottoman Empire.

Ghazi

A warrior for Islam

Ottoman dynasty

dynasty founded by Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; the most powerful Islamic empire in history; lasted until the early twentieth century.

Bursa

first capital of the Ottoman Empire

Orhan

Son of Osman, expanded the empire both east and west,

Bey

a provincial governor in the Ottoman Empire, ruled a beylic

Murad I

consolidated Ottoman power in the Balkans, built up an elite guard (janissaries)

Battle of Kosovo (1389)

With the janissaries, the Ottomans defeated the Serbs

Lazar of Serbia

leader of Serbia whom the Ottomans defeated at the Battle of Kosovo

Battle of Nicopolis

1396. Battle in which hungarian, French, German, and Balkan crusading knights were defeated by troops of Bayezid I

SIGNIFICANCE: solidifed Ottoman rule in the Balkans for five centuries

Beyezid I

Won the Battle of Nicopolis against the Hungarians

Timur (Tamerlane)

all we need to know for this test is that he defeated Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara

Mehmet I

Reunited the Ottoman Empire after power dispute

Mehmet II

One of the greatest Ottoman sultans; conquered Constantinople, utilized millet system

Millet system

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Chaldiran

Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire; Ottomans couldnt advance because all the troops had to go back to Istanbul for the winter

Selim I

Great Sultan (1512-1520) who conquered Egypt, Jerusalem, and Arabia, defeated the Mamluks, utilized gunpowder and cannons

Suleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe and Africa, revamped law system,

Devshirme

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Grand vizier

the Ottoman sultan's chief minister, who led the meetings of the diwan, second in command

Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul.

Harem

"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

Vizier

council members in the Ottoman diwan

"Sultanate of Women"

Period (1640s and 1650s) of the Ottoman Empire when leading members of the imperial harem effectively controlled the state, directed foreign policy, and oversaw the fiscal system.

Janissary

A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army, many became part of the Ottoman bureaucracy

Sipahis

In the Ottoman Empire, local cavalry elites who held fiefdoms and collected taxes

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.

Valide Sultan

The mother of an Ottoman Sultan, ruler of the harem and a very powerful woman, especially if her son was very young.

Sultana

Wife of the Sultan

Safavids

A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.

Isma'il

founder of the Safavids

Kizilbash

"red heads", Safavid nobility

Tabriz

first capital of the Safavid Empire

Shah Abbas I

took back Baghdad, enforced rule over kizilbash, military reforms, relations w/ Europeans

Isfahan

capital of Safavid Empire, great center of culture

ghulams

safavid version of the janissaries

Mughals

muslim rulers over india, combined Hindu and Muslim,

Sultanate of Delhi

Islamic state in northern India, conquered by the Mughals

Rajputs

Hindus from the north, Akbar appeased them by marrying a Rajput princess

Akbar

The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.

jizya

tax for people who were not Muslim in Islamic empires; Mughals did not have it for some time

Seraglio

Mughal harem

Nur Jahan

The wife of Jahangir who did most of the ruling, even led army into battle to free her husband

Shah Jahan

Mughal ruler who built Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal

a tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife

Sikhism

religion that incorporated values of both Islam and Hinduism

Zamindar

a landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers.

Red Fort

the residence of the Mughal emperors in Delhi

Akbar Style Artwork

style of artwork under Akbar's rule that incorporated Muslim and Indian building styles

Battle of Lepanto

Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by the Hapsburgs

Siege of Vienna

failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, extremely disastrous for the Ottomans

Treaty of Karlowitz

1699 treaty that gave Ottoman lands in SE Europe to Austria

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers,

Hatt-i-Sharif

Decree issued by the sultan of the Ottoman Empire that acknowledged non-Muslims were equal to Muslims in the Empire

Hatt-i-Humayan

Spelled out rights of non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

T.E. Lawrence

British colonel sent to support the Arab revolt

ANZAC

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

Battle of Gallipoli

Ottoman win against the Allied Forces in a failed attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula

Kemal Ataturk

Turkish general who won the Battle of Gallipoli

Siege of Kut

Ottoman win agaisnt the Allied Forces in an attempt to besiege Kut and then capture Baghdad

Sharif Hussein

Leader of Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans, under the impression that the Arabs would receive lands from the british afterwards. Was quite angry when betrayed.

Hashemite Clan

clan of Muhammad

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Sykes-Picot Agreement

An agreement between the british and the french. France gets Syria and Lebanon, and Britain gets Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan.

McMahon-Hussein correspondence

British promised independence to the Arabs if they would fight on their side, against the Turks (to cause problems for them since they were allies with Germany during WWI)

Hijaz region

region that contains Mecca and Medina

Abdullah Hussein

Son of Sharif Hussein, later became King of Jordan