Chapter 18: Endocrine System

The purpose of the endocrine system is to __________ and __________.

Examine structures, compare and contrast hormones.

The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that it releases __________, while the nervous system releases __________.

Hormones; neurotransmitters.

Hormones released by the endocrine system interact with __________, which are specific to each hormone.

Target cells.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into __________, while exocrine glands secrete their products into __________.

Interstitial fluid; ducts.

The main function of __________ hormones is to regulate metabolic processes.

Thyroid.

The __________ gland produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT).

Posterior pituitary.

The anterior pituitary gland secretes __________ hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.

Tropic.

Hypothalamus hormones reach the anterior pituitary via the __________ system.

Hypophyseal portal.

Neurotransmitters act __________ to the site of release, while hormones act __________ from their site of release.

Locally; far.

The adrenal glands consist of an outer __________ and an inner __________.

Cortex; medulla.

The pancreatic islets contain __________, __________, __________, and __________ cells.

Alpha; beta; delta; F.

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by __________ bone resorption.

Inhibiting.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the __________ gland in response to stress.

Suprarenal (adrenal).

The hormone __________ is responsible for regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.

Aldosterone.

The __________ hormone stimulates contraction of the uterus and milk ejection during childbirth.

Oxytocin.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps maintain balance by regulating __________ output.

Urine.

Insulin is secreted by __________ cells in the pancreas.

Beta.

Glucagon functions to __________ blood sugar levels.

Increase.

The main effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to _________ blood calcium levels.

Increase.

Thyroid hormones are synthesized in __________ cells and are crucial for regulating metabolism.

Follicular.

The stress response is categorized into __________ and __________ stages.

Eustress; distress.

Acting as local hormones, __________ influence neighboring cells, while __________ act on the same cell.

Paracrines; autocrines.

In the resistance reaction of stress response, which hormone is primarily responsible for raising glucose levels? __________.

Cortisol.