WORLD HISTORY SEM2 EXAM REVIEW

Movable type

Individual tablets arranged in a frame for printing, invented in the Song Dynasty.

Ly Dynasty

A dynasty known for a strong military, establishment of the first university, and accomplishments in governance.

Koryo Dynasty

A dynasty that adopted aspects of the Chinese government, known for maritime trade, print technology, and Buddhism.

Song Dynasty

A dynasty characterized by the use of movable type, diversity, and a strong military.

Feudal Japan

A society with mixed Chinese influences, unique military structures, and ruled by shoguns.

Zheng He

Led the treasure voyages for the Ming Dynasty in the early 15th century.

Marco Polo

Known for traveling the Silk Road and interacting with Kublai Khan.

Yuan Dynasty

A dynasty that significantly impacted trade in China before it fell into unrest.

Kublai Khan

Unified China and established the Yuan Dynasty, recognized as a strong leader.

Mehmed II

Expanded the Ottoman Empire and led the siege of Constantinople in 1456.

Pax Mongolica

A period of relative peace and stability for the Mongol Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Ottoman Empire's military strength

Derived from military innovation, organization, strong naval power, and strategic geography.

Effects of the conquest of Constantinople

End of the Byzantine Empire, Ottoman expansion, cultural exchange, and shifts in power.

Birthplace of the Renaissance

Florence, Italy.

Desiderius Erasmus

Wrote a satire against the Roman Church and produced one of the first printed Latin New Testaments.

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press, revolutionizing mass production of written works.

Martin Luther

A German monk who protested against the Church's sale of indulgences.

Protestants

Christians who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

Council of Trent

A gathering of bishops aimed at reforming the Church.

Jesuits

Members of an order that defended the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation.

Catholicism

Traditions of the old Roman Church focused on economics and governance.

Lutheranism

A branch of Protestantism stemming from Martin Luther's teachings.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism that separated from other churches.

Anglicanism

A form of Christianity that developed from the Church of England.

Renaissance changes

Brought forth humanism, social changes through the printing press, and economic shifts for the Church.

Impact on the Catholic Church from the Renaissance and Reformation

Loss of followers and money, necessitating reforms and creation of defense groups.

Caravels

Light ships with triangular sails, quick and easy to maneuver, used for exploration.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Established a navigation school in Portugal.

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese navigator who explored the East African coast to India.

Portugal's Trade Empire

Established in the 15th century and dominated major trade routes from the Americas to Japan.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer known for his voyages to the Americas.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Established a boundary dividing Spanish and Portuguese territories in the Americas.

Dutch East India Company

A joint-stock company established in 1602 for trade.

Columbian Exchange

The interchange of goods, crops, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Encomienda

A system that allowed Spanish landowners to require labor from Native Americans in exchange for protection.

Elizabeth I

Restored Protestantism in England and led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Glorious Revolution

The overthrow of King James II of England.

William and Mary

Proclaimed joint sovereigns following the Glorious Revolution.

Louis XIV

Established an absolute monarchy in France.

Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

Made significant astronomical observations using a telescope.

Andreas Vesalius

Father of modern anatomy, known for detailed studies of human cadavers.

Isaac Newton

Pioneered important discoveries in physics, particularly relating to gravity.

Johannes Kepler

Formulated the three laws of planetary motion.

Effects of Enlightenment

Led to scientific advancements, political reforms, and renewed focus on rights and freedoms.

Laissez-faire

Economic system allowing natural market forces to take their course.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who suggested a social contract due to the violence observed during the English Civil War.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating for a government protecting natural rights, with the right for the people to overthrow it.

Rousseau

Proposed a social contract advocating direct democracy.

Montesquieu

Advocated for the separation of powers in government.

Social Contract

An agreement between rulers and the ruled for mutual benefits.