WORLD HISTORY SEM2 EXAM REVIEW

Movable type individual tablets arranged in a frame for printing invented in Ly Dynasty 

Government, economics and accomplishments of the Ly Dynasty: strong military, first university, strong country.

Government, economics and accomplishments of the Koryo dynasty: Adopted aspects of the Chinese govt., maritime trade, print tech, Buddhism.

Government, economics and accomplishments of the Song dynasty: Moveable type, diverse country, strong military in the top.

Government, economics and accomplishments of feudal Japan: Different Chinese cultures mixed, different society, shoguns, unique military. 

Zheng He led the treasure voyages for the Ming dynasty early 15th century 

Marco Polo is known for his travels on the Silk Road, especially with his interaction with Kublai Khan.

Yuan Dynasty had a high impact on trading for China and boosted it. Died with unrest.

Kublai Khan unified China and established the Yuan Dynasty. Known as a strong leader.

Mehmed Expanded Ottoman Empire led to the siege of Constantinople of 1456.

Pax Mongolica: A time of relative peace and stability for Mongolica in the 13th-14th century 

Differences and similarities between the Mongols and Ottomans.

• Similarities: Multi-ethic, centralized, and had territorial goals.

• Differences: Ottomans were influenced by Islam, and Mongols were more religiously diverse.

Reasons for military strength of Ottoman empire: Military innovation/tech, military organization, and its strong naval power. With their geographical location.

Effects of Mehmed conquest of Constantinople: End of Byzantine, Ottoman expansion, cultural exchange, shift in power, Internal shifts within the empire.

Birthplace of Renaissance: Florence

Desiderious Erasmus Wrote Latin New Testament (one of the first to be printed)-wrote satire against Rome church

Johannes Gutenberg invented printing press

• Printing press Invented by Gutenberg, revolutionized mass production of works (humanist)

Martin Luther German monk who protested against church (indulgences) 

Protestants Strain of Christians who protested against Roman church

Council of Trent Gathering of bishops who have meetings to define the churches.

Jesuits: Members of the order that defended against the Protestant reformation.

Compare and Contrast Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism and Anglicanism

• Catholicism follows the old roman church that revolves around economics and the church being a form of government.

• Lutheranism leads to the protestant reformation and protests against roman church

• Calvinism branched off of protestants and seperated the two churches,

• Anglicanism branched from the England church and believed in catholic traditions.

Social, Intellectual and Economic changes during the Renaissance period:

• The Reniassance brought humanism which impacted the intellectual abilities of researchers, the printing press brought social changes and the division of religion lead the church to lose money.

Impact of Renaissance and Reformation on the Catholic Church:

• The renaissance and Reformation promoted the separation from the Catholics which lost the church money and followers, this also forced the church to have to change and create groupes to defend the church.

Caravels a light ship with triangular sails and was also borrowed from Arab mariners. Caravels were quick, easy to maneuver, and could sail into the wind, which earlier European ships could not do.

Prince Henry the Navigator the son of Portugal’s king, established a navigation school on the Atlantic coast in Sagres, Portugal. 

Vasco de Gama Portuguese navigator who began exploring the east African coast and crossed the Indian Ocean to India, where he marveled at the merchant ships filled with spices, silks, and precious gems.

Portugal's Trade Empire Established in the 15th century and stretched from the Americas to Japan and dominated a lot of the trade routes.

Christopher Columbus Italian explorer who had taken Polo’s writings with him when he set off on the voyages that led him to the Americas.

Henry Hudson English explorer who taken Polo’s writings with him when he set off on the voyages that led him to the Americas.

Treaty of Tordesillas established a boundary, called the Line of Demarcation, that passed vertically through the Atlantic Ocean and Brazil.

Dutch East India Company operated as a joint- stock company, established in 1602

Columbian Exchange: The creation of regular interchange between the Eastern and Western hemispheres, and the integration of previously isolated peoples into global networks. The exchange resulted in a transfer of foods, crops, animals, technology, and medicines between the two hemispheres.

Encomienda: A hacienda included a grant, or encomienda , that allowed owners to force Native Americans to labor for them. Under this system, Native Americans farmed, ranched, and mined for the Spanish throughout the Americas. In return for their labor, native peoples received protection from their enemies rather than payment.

Elizabeth I: restored England to Protestantism, and England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada

Glorious Revolution: King James II was overthrown and replaced by Mary and her husband, William of Orange.

William and Mary proclaimed joint sovereigns after the glorious revolution where Mary’s father James II was deposed.

Louis XIV: Established an absolute monarchy in France and made the country powerful.

Copernicus formed a heliocentric model of the universe where the sun is at the center and not the Earth at the center of the world.

Galileo Galilei Came up with revolutionary astronomy ideas and observations using a telescope.

Andreas Vesalius: Atonomist and and physician who is considered the father of modern anatomy. Dissected human cadavers and took detailed notes on their anatomy.

Isaac Newton Made great discoveries in the field of physics and the way that gravity works on earth.

Johannes Kepler He created the three laws of planetary motion, revolutionizing astronomy.

Effects of Enlightenment:

• Advancements in science, push for political/social reforms, renewed focus on rights/freedoms.

laissez-faire: the system where you let things take their course. You see what happens when you leave it alone. “Let it ride” 

Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher in the 1600s who proposed the idea of a social contract. After witnessing violence in the English Civil War, he said that human lives would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

John Locke: English philosopher in the 1600s who proposed the idea of a social contract. He said that humans could reason, learn, and acquire knowledge to benefit society. Proposed a social contract where the government protects its citizens' natural rights, and if not, the people can overthrow the government.

Rousseau: Said that civilization had corrupted people’s natural goodness and destroyed their liberty. In his social contract, he said that all people have the same power and it would be a direct democracy. 

Montesquieu: A French philosopher who wrote about social liberty and advocated for the separation of powers (three forms of government: legislative, judicial, and executive). 

Social Contract- an agreement between rulers and the ruled to cooperate for mutual social benefits in pursuit of an ordered society, with clearly defined rights and responsibilities for society