Kinesiology Ch. 1, 2, 3

When someone does a “belly flop” into a pool, which area of the body hits the water first?

Ventral

Which 3 major bones make up the knee joint?

Femur, Patella, Tibia

The pelvis is also known as the

hip bones

T/F: The distal ends of the upper limbs are called tarsals, while the distal ends of the lower limbs are called carpals.

False

Which of the following statements is true regarding tendons and ligaments?

Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bones to bones.

Which of the following is an example of knee flexion?

A) Kicking a soccer ball

B) Landing in a jump

C) Balancing on tip toes

B) Landing in a jump

T/F: Most of the major joints responsible for human movement are classified as cartilaginous joints, like knee, hip, ankle, and shoulder.

False

T/F: The inside surface of the hand is referred to as palmar, while the inside surface of the foot is referred to as plantar.

True

T/F: When an action takes place across two or more planes of motion, it is considered a diagonal plane movement.

True

In anatomical position, the hands are in what orientation?

The palms face anteriorly

The movement “reduction” refers to which part of the body?

The spine

T/F: The ischium is located in the foot.

False; the ischium is located in the hip

T/F: In anatomical position, the ulna is medial and the radius is lateral.

True

Which of the following is true regarding the scapula?

A) The scapula is a flat bone that is part of the shoulder girdle

B) The scapula is a posterior condyloid synovial joint which facilitates arthrodial loading in the sagittal plane

C) The scapula is an extremely stable joint due to the numerous ligamental connections to the bones of the ribcage and spine

A) The scapula is a flat bone that is part of the shoulder girdle

“Oh no, I spilled coffee on my medial clavicle.” Where did this person spill their coffee?

A) The part of the shoulder on the front of the body, towards the centerline

B) The part of the knee on the front of the body, towards the outside of the body

C) The part of the thigh closer to the hip

A) The part of the shoulder on the front of the body, towards the centerline

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Adduction generally refers to decreasing a joint angle or bringing two bones closer together, while abduction generally refers to increasing a joint angle or making two bones further apart

B) Abduction generally refers to decreasing a joint angle or bringing two ones closer together, while adduction generally refers to increasing a joint angle or making two bones further apart.

A) Adduction generally refers to decreasing a joint angle or bringing two bones closer together, while abduction generally refers to increasing a joint angle or making two bones further apart

Which of the following is NOT a movement of the shoulder?

Elevation

Depression

Protraction

Retraction

Rotation

Inversion

Inversion

T/F: The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the hands, feet, and the long bones of the arms and legs. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, spine, shoulders, and hips.

False; the appendicular contains bones of the arms, legs, hands, feet, and the shoulder and pelvic girdles and the axial contains the skull, spine, and rib cage.

Which correctly identifies the 3 accessory motions of arthrokinematics movements?

A) Drop, flex, return

B) Spin, roll, glide

C) Feather, solidify, liquify

B) Spin, roll, glide

Which plane matches with the Side twist?

Transverse plane/ longitudinal axis

Which plane matches with the Jumping jack?

Frontal plane/ sagittal axis

Which plane matches with the Foward lunge?

Sagittal plane/ frontal axis

The gluteus maximus muscle is name based on…

A) The group (gluteus) and size (maximus)

B) The point of attachment (gluteal fossa) and number of divisions (maximum divisions)

C) The actions (maximize or expand) and the direction of fibers (cephalic or glutes)

A) The group (gluteus) and size (maximus)

Which of the following muscles is named after its action?

A) Erector spinae

B) Soleus

C) Coracobrachialis

D) Triceps brachii

A) Erector spinae

What are parallel fibers?

generally allow a greater range of movement

What are pennate fibers?

generally allow greater cross sectional area

Excitability/ Irritability

sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli

Contractility

contract or develop tension or internal force against

Extensibility

ability to be passively stretched beyond normal resting length

Elasticity

ability to return to original resting length following stretching

Tendon

cordlike, flexible bands that connect muscles to bones

Aponeurosis

sheet or ribbonlike fibrous tissue that binds muscles together or connects muscle to bone

Fascia

sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together parts of the body such as muscles, organs, and other soft tissue structures

T/F: Muscle origins generally attach closest to the midline or center of the body and are usually the least movable part or attachment of the muscle.

True

T/F: Muscle insertions are generally farthest from the midline or center of the body, usually the most movable part.

True

Isometric- Iso

same or equal

Concentric- Con

together

Eccentric- Ek

off center

Isometric

Contraction with no change to muscle length or joint angle

Concentric

Contraction with a shortening of muscle and closing of joint angle

Eccentric

Contraction with a lengthening of muscle and opening of joint angle

T/F: Someone carefully lowers a heavy box down from a high shelf, but the box is too heavy for them to push back up onto the shelf. Lowering the box from the shelf would be described as including an eccentric muscle contraction of the deltoid.

True

T/F: Someone lifts their coffee mug to their mouth to take a sip. This would be an example of a concentric contraction in the biceps brachii.

True

T/F: The prime mover is usually the antagonist muscle.

False; the prime mover is the agonist muscle

T/F: Palpation refers to the use of touch to feel or examine a site on the body, and can be helpful in determining superficial muscle actions and understanding joint mechanics.

True

T/F: All voluntary movement of the body is a result of the muscular and nervous systems working together.

True

T/F: Afferent (sensory) nerves bring impulses from receptors in the skin, joints, and muscles to the central nervous system (CNS), while efferent (motor) nerves carry impulses from the CNS to the outlying regions of the body.

True

Proprioception

the mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement and contributes to kinesthesis

Kinesthesis

the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space

Muscle spindles

primarily located in the muscle belly and are sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch

Golgi tendon organs

primarily located within the muscle tendon junction and are sensitive to both muscle tension and active contraction

A motor unit consists of what?

Single motor neuron

All the fibers the single motor neuron innervates

T/F: The muscle force velocity relationship describes how, as a resistance increases, the maximal velocity at which the muscle is able to contract decreases.

True

T/F: The greatest amount of active tension in a muscle can be developed when the muscle is stretched to between 100% and 130% of resting length, whereas the ability to develop contractile tension is essentially reduced to zero when the muscle is shortened to around 50% to 60% of its resting length.

True

Origin

muscle attachment that is fixed; typically more proximal

Insertion

muscle attachment that is freely moving the bone; typically more distal

Agonist

causes joint motion when contracting; prime mover - main muscle of agonist group

Antagonist

contralateral to agonist; allows movement due to relaxation

Stabilizer

provides co-contraction so another area can move efficiently

Synergist

neutralizing unwanted ancillary (on the side) motions

Unipennate example

biceps femoris

Bipennate example

rectus femoris

Multipennate example

deltoid

Front Plane example

Lateral shoulder raise

Sagittal Plane example

Knee flexion/ extension

Transverse Plane example

Trunk rotation

Goniometer

used to measure and describe joint angle

Concave

a hollow area like a cave or bowl

Convex

outward curve like a ball

Fetal position

lying on either side, spine flexed, head flexed toward chest and extremities flexed & drawn toward torso

Hook lying or dorsal recumbent position

supine with hips flexed approximately 45 degrees & knees flex approximately 90 degrees with feet flat on surface

Lateral recumbent or lateral decubitus position

lying on right or left side, knees & hips may be straight or slightly flexed

Long sitting position

sitting with legs extended forward, toes pointed; trunk erect & hands on hips

Prone position

face-downward position of the body; lying on the stomach

Short sitting position

sitting upright with knees flexed and legs hanging over the edge of the surface

Supine position

face-upward position of the body; lying on the back

Long bones

humerus, fibula

Short bones

tarsals, carpals

Flat bones

skull, scapula

Irregular bones

pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles

Sesamoid bones

patella

Arthrodial joint

gliding joints

Ginglymus (Hinge) joint

• a uniaxial articulation
• articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane
• Ex. Elbow, knee, talocrural (ankle)

Trochoid (Pivot, Screw) joint

• also uniaxial articulation
• Ex. atlantoaxial joint - odontoid which turns in a
bony ring, proximal & distal radioulnar joints

Condyloid (Knuckle Joint)

• biaxial ball & socket joint
• one bone with an oval concave surface received
by another bone with an oval convex surface

Enarthrodial

• Multiaxial or triaxial ball & socket joint
• Bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface
• Ex. Hip & shoulder joint

Sellar (Saddle) Joint

• unique triaxial joint
• 2 reciprocally concave & convex articular surfaces
• Example is 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb (some include sternoclavicular)

What lever type matches with First Class?

seesaw

What lever type matches with Second Class?

wheelbarrow

What lever type matches with Third Class?

shoveling

Which is an example of a third-class lever?

A) Bicep curl

B) Standing on tip toes

C) Extending the neck

A) Bicep curl

A bicep curl takes place primarily in which plane?

Sagittal

During the upward phase of the bicep curl, the biceps brachii contracts…

A) eccentrically

B) concentrically

C) isometrically

B) concentrically

Which of the following movements is considered Open Kinetic Chain?

A) Bench press

B) Push up

A) Bench press

Which of the following movements is considered Closed Kinetic Chain?

A) Squat

B) Hamstring curl

A) Squat

Which of the following acronyms correctly describes a Type 3 lever?

AFR

ARF

FAR

AFR

Description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration and space factors of a system’s motion

Kinematics

Study of forces associated with the motion of a body

Kinetics

Study of the mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems and especially humans

Biomechanics

Resistance/ Force or Load/ Effort

Mechanical stage