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Affix
an element added to the base, stem, or root of a word to form a fresh word or stem. (includes prefixes and suffixes)
Analogies
Comparisons of the similar aspects of two different things.
Antonym
Words which have opposite meanings (hot and cold)
Archetype
a descriptive detail, plot pattern, character type, or theme that recurs in many different cultures.
Autobiography
the biography of a person written by oneself.
Balanced Reading Program
a balanced reading program includes instruction in word identification skills as well as instruction in reading comprehension strategies. Includes reading to whole groups of students, guided reading activities with group of students, shared reading, and independent reading by individual students.
Base word
a word where a prefix or suffix may be added
Biography
story about the achievements of others
CVC
consonant/vowel/consonant
choral reading
group reading aloud
cinquain
Poetic form; structure may follow a 2-4-6-8-2 syllable pattern or may follow a simpler form using words per line in a 1-2-3-4-1 pattern
consonant blend
joining of the sounds represented by two or more letters with minimal change in those sounds; consists of two or more consonants sounded together in such a way that EACH is heard
consonant digraph
consists of two consonants that together represent one sound (sh, ch, th, wh)
consonants
the remaining letters of the alphabet and usually include w and y; single sound made by a partial or complete obstruction of air.
context clue
the information from the immediate textual setting that helps identify a word or word group.
contraction
a short way to write two words as one by writing the two words together, leaving out on or more letters and replacing the missing letters with an apostrophe. (cannot=can't)
Convention
accepted practice in written language
cooperative learning
activities in which students work together in group to achieve a common goal
critical thinking
logical, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do. it may include analyzing arguments, seeing other points of view, and/or reaching conclusions.
cubing
a method for discovering ideas about a topic by using six strategies (in any order) to investigate it: describe it, compare it, associate it, analyze it, apply it, and argue for or against it.
cues/cuing system
sources of information used by readers to construct meaning. The language cuing system includes the graphophonic system--the relationship between oral and written language (phonics); the syntactic system---the relationship among linguistic units such as prefixes, suffixes, words, phrases, and clauses(grammar); and the semantic system---the meaning system of language.
decode
to analyze spoken or graphic symbols of familiar language to ascertain their intended meaning.
descriptive writing
one of four chief composition modes. Writing which paints a picture of a person, place, thing, or idea using vivid details.
dialect
a social or regional variety of a particular language with phonological , grammatical, and lexical patterns that distinguish it from other varieties.
diamante
a poetic form; structure follows a diamond shape of seven lines as follows; one noun, two adjectives, three participles, four related nouns, or a phrase of four words, three participles, two adjectives, and one noun.
diphthong
a vowel sound produced when the tongue moves form one vowel sound toward another vowel in the same syllable; two vowel sounds that come together so fast that they are considered one syllable (ou, ow, oi/oy)
directionality
the ability to perceive spatial orientation correctly (left to right)
epic literature
long narratives detail the adventures of a single heroic figure; the center of action revolves around the relationship between the heroic figure and the gods; the main character symbolizes the ideal characteristics of greatness; many were originally written as poetry or songs; language is lyrical, stately, and rich with images.
essays
documentary records on diverse topics such as slavery, life in the 12th century England, or songs of the American Revolution; content is based upon or adapted form an original document in diary, letter, or essay form.
etymology
the study of the origins or words; an account of the history of a particular word.
evaluative
questioning that requires the reader to use experiential background knowledge in conjunction with information explicitly stated in the text. (beyond reading the line)
expository
a reading or writing selection which explains, defines, and interprets. it covers all compositions which do not primarily describe an object, tell a story, or maintain a position. (content-area books, magazine articles, editorials, essays)
fables
tales concern human conduct with moralistic overcomes; animals exhibit human qualities and behaviors
figurative language
writing or speech not meant to be taken literally. Writers use figurative language to express ideas in vivid or imaginative ways. (the apple of my eye)
flashback
the technique of disrupting the chronology of a narrative by shifting to an earlier time in order to introduce information.
fluency
freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading or the expression of ideas in oral reading; automatically, the ability to produce words or larger language units in a limited time interval
folktales
time and place are generic, stories are not intended to be accepted as true; plots use predictable motif; story line is frequently a series of recurring actions; characters are one-dimensional.
grapheme
a written or printed representation of a phoneme {b for /b/}
graphophonic cues
the relationship between graphemes and the phonemes they represent. these symbol-sound-association skills can be used as an aid in recognizing a word that is not firmly fixed in sight vocabulary, especially if used in conjunction with other cues.
high frequency words
a word that appears many more times than most other words in spoken or written language
historical fiction
stories are grounded in history but not restricted by it; the historical setting is an authentic and integral part of the story; characters' actions, dialogue, beliefs, and values are true to the historical period
homographs
words which are spelled alike but have different sounds and meanings
homonyms
words which sound the same but have different spellings and meanings
hyperbole
obvious and deliberate exaggeration
idiom
an expression that does not mean what it literally says
imagery
the use of language to create vivid pictures in the reader's mind
independent reading level
the readability or grade level of material that is easy for a student to read with few word-identification problems and high comprehension
inferential
a reasoned assumption about meaning that is not explicitly stated
instructional reading level
the reading ability or grade level of material that is challenging, but not frustrating for the student to read successfully with normal classroom instruction and support.
journal
a less private form of diary.it is especially useful when used to elicit responses to reading, issues, and events under study
legends
plots record deeds of past heros
literal
information directly form the text. main idea-the gist of a passage; central thought
medial
coming in the middle of a word
metaphor
a figure of speech in which a comparison is implied by an analogy but is not stated
mode of writing
any of the major types of writing (argumentation, exposition, narration, description)
neologism
a new word or phrase, or a new meaning of, for an established word.
nonfiction
information that is factual and may be presented by detailed descriptions or examples
onset
all of the sounds in a word that come before the first vowel
pacing
setting one's own reading rate by using a pattern appropriate for the reading task
phoneme
a minimal sound unit of speech that distinguishes one word from another
phonemic awareness
ability to manipulate, detect, and change sounds in spoken language (precedes phonics instruction)
phonics
a way of teaching reading and spelling that stresses symbol sound relationships; the ability to associate letters and letter combinations with sound and blending them into syllables and words
predictable text
books with dramatic cumulative repetitions and dependable schemes of rhyme and language that help children anticipate and thereby decode the printed page. (Brown Bear, Brown Bear)
prediction strategy
a person's use of knowledge about language and the context in which it occurs to anticipate what is coming in writing or speech.
prefix
a syllable or group of syllables attached to the beginning of a word, root, to change its meaning
prior knowledge
knowing that stems from previous experience. Note: prior knowledge is a key component of schema theories of reading and comprehension
propaganda
an extreme form of written or spoken persuasion intended to influence the reader, though sometimes subtly, and usually by one-sided rather than objective argument
Reader's Theatre
a performance of literature, as a story, play, poetry read aloud expressively by one or more persons, rather than acted
r-controlled vowels
the modified sound of a vowel immediately preceding /r/ in the same syllable, (care, never, sir, or)
recursive process
moving back and forth through a text in either reading or writing, as new ideas are developed or problems encountered. in reading a text, recursive process might include rereading earlier portions in light of later ones, looking ahead to see what topics are addressed or how a narrative ends, and skimming through text to search for particular ideas or events before continuing a linear reading. in creating a written composition, recursive processes include moving back and forth among the planning, drafting and revising phases of writing
Rule of Thumb
a method students can use to make their reading selections.
schwa
a mark showing an absence of a vowel sound. the neutral vowel sound of most unstressed syllables in English. ( the sound of a in ago). The symbol is an upside down e.
semantic cues
semantic cues involving word-meaning knowledge and a general sense of the test's meaning
sight word
any word recognized from memory alone
silent e
an e that makes no sound that is usually found in the final position of an English root word
simile
a combination of two things that are unlike, usually using the words like or ass.
soft c and g rule
when c or g is followed by e, I, or y, it is usually soft
subvocalize
reading to yourself
suffix
a syllable or group of syllables attached to the END of a word, or root, to change its meaning
Sustained Silent Reading/Drop Everything And Read
child reads self-selected literature 10-30 minutes daily. A brief pair discussion, approximately 2 minutes, follows SSR/DEAR
Syllabication
the division of words into syllables.
syllable
a minimal unit of sequential speech sounds made up of a vowel sound or a vowel consonant combination and always contains a vowel sound.
synonyms
word which have the same meaning
syntactic cues
syntactic cues involve implicit knowledge of word order and the functions of words. only certain word sequences are allowable in English and only certain kinds of words fit into particular slots in our sentence patterns
Transitional spelling
the result of an attempt to spell a word whose spelling is not already known, based on a writer's knowledge of the spelling system and how it works
VC
vowel/consonant
vowel digraph
two vowels pronounced in such a way that the letters stand for one sound. (/a/ in sleigh)
vowels
a, e, I, o, u, and sometimes y and w. made without any air obstruction
webbing
instructional activities, particularly graphic ones, that are designed to show the relationship among other ideas or topics in text or to plan for writing: cognitive mapping
writer's workshop
instructional time that includes mini-lessons, peer/teacher conferences, process writing, sharing time, author's chair, sustained silent reading, small teaching groups.
writing folders
a folder or notebook that contains writing generated during the various stages of the writing process.
y as a vowel rule
if the y is the only vowel sound at the end of a one-syllable word, y has the sound of a long I; if y is the only vowel at the end of a word of more than one syllable; y has a sound almost like a long e