Lecture 14

elections

when the government controls media and uses it to pursue its goals and weaken its opponents, ______ are not fair

democracy, voting

some think a biased media can limit _______ since it shapes ______ behavior in ways that favour certain candidates

brainwashed

some argue that people are smart and that they can't be ________ by the media

coverage

there is no correlation between rates of violent crimes and media _______ of them

vote, criminality

more likely to _____ for candidates who are hard on crime (conservative) when media reports _______ a lot

more, candidates

media who present crime as a problem that must be politically addressed makes people _______ likely to vote for ________ who are hard on crime

Peter Jennings

news commentator who was biased toward Reagan

Peter Jennings effect

people who watched Jennings liked Reagan much more

facial

Peter Jennings' ________ expressions were a very subtle priming bias

individual frame

frame that places blame on individuals

social frame

frame that places blame on society

frames

different ________ support views of different parties

freedom, order

media can frame KKK rallies as _______ of speech or as disrupting public _______

should, not

when KKK rallies were viewed as freedom of speech: ______ be allowed to have rallies
when KKK rallies were viewed as disrupting public order: should ______ be allowed to have rallies

systematic

media will only affect voting outcomes if there is a _________ bias that is present throughout all media

right

there is a systematic _______-wing bias in the media in the US

filters

there is a weakening of ______

smaller, corporations

there is a deconcentration: social media and internet allows for _______ media outlets, which weakens the control by big ______

advertisement

new media diminishes the power of ______-driven TV

anyone

new media allows ________ who wants to get their views out, not only experts or elites

powerful

the flak is not as _________ with the new media because everyone gets criticized

capitalism

new media is still pro-_________ but is not as extreme as during the Cold War

agenda

billionaires still run the main media and set the _________ that these follow

biases

Sustein suggests that there are many _________ with new social media that are extreme

negative

the many biases have a _________ effect on democracy

polarization

new media caters to particular views in ways that promote _______ instead of unity

consensus

Sustein thinks that media polarization limits _______, as Durkheim would think

limited

in the past, people's choices for news were _______

world, specialist, political

there are new sources of media at our fingertips, from all around the _______ with _________ media covering particular topics and taking a certain _______ perspective

want

individualized news allows people to get the news/info that they _____ and they prefer this

filtering

people/companies are thus actively ______ what info people get

balanced, perspective

people are getting less _______ news and info only from their own _______, therefore promoting polarization

polarization

process whereby the views and beliefs of a population become more distinct, less similar

like, extreme

people who talk with other _______-minded individuals will have more _______ views after talking with them

echo

social media is creating ________ chambers

echo chambers

extreme views are getting more extreme and there is less common middle ground

strengthened

when people with extreme views receive info contradicting their position, their positions is _______

Trump, bias

supporters of ______ liked him even more when media was exposing his lies and they blamed this on the media _______

party deadlock

parties have less and less common-ground, catering more extreme supporters

inclusive, more

nowadays, we have fewer ______ associations and ______ exclusive associations (less tolerance)

uncivil

Sustein believes that the fewer inclusive associations promote _______ society and this limits democracy

conflict perspective

suggests that consensus is not necessarily desirable, people are less excluded from the media than before

biased, political

Levendusky's experiment: showed news content that was ______ toward neutral, liberal or conservative and tested people's ______ views after to see differences

extreme

people at the extremes become more ______ with biased news that either supports or opposes their views

middle

there was little effect among the people in the ________ of the political spectrum

week

the effects of media exposure were still evident 1 ________ after the "treatment"