Molecules of Life Part 1 (copy)

What are the molecules of life?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

organic molcules

Contain carbon and hydrogen. Long chains of carbon. Soluble in water

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods; broken down to glucose to provide energy

Simple sugars (monosaccharides)

building blocks of carbohydrates, always ends in -ose->glucose,sucrose,fructose

complex sugars

polysaccharides

starches (plants)

cellulose (plants)

glycogen(animals)

Monomer

One unit

Polymer

Several units bonded together

Dimer

Two units

Sugar

saccharide

lipids

fats, oils, and waxes: can be steroids

What are lipids made up of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

How much energy does lipid store

Store more energy per gram than other types of molcules

Example of lipids

Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

Cholesterol

Hormone function as steroid

Proteins

Chains of amino acids

Important functions of proteins

Hormones(insulin), enzymes,receptors,membrane transport,antibodies,cell structure, muscle contraction

What do hormones do

They deliver messages to tissues that directs them to respond or perform. Hormones are transported in blood to target cells.

What do enzymes do

speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

What are receptors

Cells that detect stimuli (changes in the environment)

What do proteins do?

They help cells communicate and get things done

What do proteins contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

What are the building blocks of proteins

Amino Acids - there are 20 different kinds;

What are amino acids

building blocks of proteins

What can amino acids do

Be combined to form an unlimited variety of proteins

bond between 2 amino acids

peptide bond

Dipeptide

Two amino acids bonded together

Polypeptide

More than two amino acids bonded together

What are the kinds of Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Building blocks of nucleic acid

nucleotides

Where is nucleic acid found

nucleus

What does nucleic acid contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

What is DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Genetic Information)

What is RNA

ribonucleic acid

What does the nucleus contain

DNA

What are antibodies

Substances created in the body to work/tell the White blood cells how to fight foreign bacteria or diseases in the body

Red blood cell function

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, hold and attach oxygen

What happens when there is a non constant blood flow

Cell dies

Where is hemoglobin found

red blood cells

What is the sequence of your nucleotide

Genetic code

Where is genetic code located

Nucleus

Where is the only part of the body not containing DNA

red blood cells

What does DNA contain

information about traits which are characteristics of how your body looks and functions

Where is DNA found

nucleus of all your cell except RBC

What is the same in every cell

Identical copies of DNA

What does DNA do

Instructional guide our cells use to differentiate, perform certain cell activities , and make new proteins

What does DNA look like

Each strand of DNA is made up of two long pieces of sugar phosphate groups (backbone)

What is sugar phosphate group

Backbone of DNa

What is attached to each sugar phosphate group

Nitrogen base

How many strands of DNA are there

There are two strands of DNA typically go together

What does the strands of DNA do

They are perfect complements to one another

What are complements

Going together to form something

What does repeating Substance does DNA consist of

nucleotides

What are nucleotides

Units with 3 parts

Unit 1 of nucleotide: Phosphate

Inorganic chemical, salt compound of phosphoric acid

Unit 2 of nucleotide: Deoxyribose

Sugar

Unit 3 of nucleotide: base

A, T, G, C-> nitrogen containing biological compounds (nitrogen base) found linked to a sugar

What is linked to a sugar

Nitrogen base

Structure of DNA

Each strand of DNA wings around the other creating a double helix (spiral) it is a twisted ladder

Base pair rule

Adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine in a strand of DNA

What are on the sides of DNA

sugar and phosphate

What are rungs

Different bases held together by hydrogen bonds

Chromosome

Are packaged and organized DNA structures; made up of genes

What shape are chromosomes

Shape of X, folded version of DNA

What happens if a base pair rule is wrong

Mutation

Gene

Tiny piece of really long DNA, folded to make space

What does the 2 backbone (phosphate and sugar) form to

Strands

Diagram of 3 parts of nucleotide

What are nucleotide made of

Sugar , phosphate, nitrogen base

Nucleic acid

insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics

What are starches

complex carbohydrates, food storage in plants

Nitrogen base

Unique to DNA

What are glycogen

Food storage in animals

What are cellulose

is used for structure support in plants, typically for their stems and leaves.

How does the rails of DNA kept together

The rails of the ladder are held together because the bases from one rail bond to the bases from the other rail to form rungs. The bases from one side of the ladder attach to the bases hanging from the other rail

What does RNA do

transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosome

What are steroids

Act like hormones to reduce redness and swelling (inflammation) typically abused to promote muscles.

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a cell?

23

How many chromosome are in a cell

46

Which cell doesn’t have 46 chromosomes

Sex cell

What are genes

Small segments of DNA; code for trait

2 types of nitrogen bases

Purines(2 rings)

Pyrimidines (1 ring)

Which Base Pair is Purines

A and T

Which Base Pair is pyrimidines

C and G

Complementary Strands (Daughter Strand)

made from original (template) strand

Template (original/parent strand)

Any molecule that provides structural mold to create similar molecules

Cell division is also known as?

Mitosis

Mitosis

1 cell divided two 2 identical cells with the same number of DNA molecules in each

Hormone is also

Drugs

Number 1 cell that undergoes mitosis

Skin cell

Why does skin cell undergo mitosis the most

Skin cells constantly dies; it is the outermost protective layer for defense.

Where does nucleic acid;RNA live

Outside nucleus, in cytoplasm

What is body cell also known as

Somatic cells

Who does all the DNA replication

DNA

What does enzymes do

Breaks and builds stuff → hydrogen bond

Main enzyme

DNA polymerase

DNA replication

Because of base pairing, each strand can replicate itself making two new strands of DNA each time