Unit 5: Revolutions

AP World History

Empiricism

The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation.

Social Contract

Human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct governments of their own will to protect their natural rights.

Natural Rights

Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity.

Nationalism 

A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory.

Classical Liberalism

An economic and political ideology that emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom.

Socialism

A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production: Mills, machinery, and land needed to mine coal.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production: factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.

Suffrage

The right to vote. 

End of Serfdom

Serfs become more unnecessary to economic flourishing.

Abolition of Slavery

In response to a powerful Abolitionist Movement, Great Britain would abolish slavery in 1807.

Feminism 

Women begin to demand equality in all areas of life.

Seneca Falls Conference (1848)

A convention women attended to call for a constitutional amendment that recognized women’s rights to vote.

Democracy

People have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government.

French Revolution

Louis the 16 attempts to tighten his control over France in order to pay his enormous War debts causing the people of France to rebel and overthrow the government to establish a republic.

American Revolution

After the Seven Year War, Britain established new taxes to their colonies in America, curtailment of freedoms, and an adoption of enlightenment principles starting the American Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

Under the leadership of Tant Latur, enslaved Haitians revolted and defeated the French, establishing the second Republic in the Western Hemisphere.

Latin American Independent Movements 

Spanish and Portuguese colonies resented the control their imperial parents exerted upon them; especially the creoles.

American Declaration of Independence

1808, the Portuguese Monarch would create an unstable political situation in American colonies.

Bolivar’s “Letter to Jamaica”

Summarization of Bolivar’s appeals on Colonial subjects AC cross racial lines with Enlightenment ideals.

French “Declaration of the Rights Man an of the Citizen”

Filipino students absorb the nationalist and enlightenment ideas from Europe, publishing a lot of them, causing the Spanish to suppress the movement, causing the Philippine Revolution.

German and Italian Unifications

Under the influence of nationalism, military leaders from both Nations inspired their respective populations to unify each place under one government.

Industrial Revolution

The process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies.

Factory System

A place where goods for sale were mass-produced by machines.

Spread of Industrial Production

Adopted industrial technologies.

Steam Engines

A machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy.

Fossil Fuels

Coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Internal Combustion Engine

Increased access to resources and increased the distribution of goods those resources helped produce.

Second Industrial Revolution

The introduction of steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics from The United States, Great Britain, and Germany.

Railroads, Steamships, and the Telegraph

Opened up to exploration and development of the interior regions around the globe.

Muhammad Ali’s Development of a Cotton textile In Egypt

Industrial projects, agriculture, and tariffs.

Meiji Era Japan

Japan south to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful.

Adam Smith’s Theories of Laissez-Faire Capitalism and Free Markets

Let people make their own economic decisions. Also known as supply and demand.

Stock Markets

Raising funds by selling stocks/ownership.

Transnational Business

A company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries.

Industrial Capitalism

Countered the laborer’s vision of social equality, citizenship, and independence.

Labor Unions

A collective of workers who join together in one to protect their own interests.

Communism

History obeys laws just as the physical world obeys the laws of physics.

Karl Marx

Witnessed firsthand the suffering and injustices the working class endured and believed capitalism was unstable by nature.

Tanzimat Reforms

Built textile factories, implemented western-style law codes and courts, and expansive education systems.

Middle Class

Benefited the most from industrialization including white collar workers such as wealthy factory owners and managers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers.

Urbanization

The process of moving from nature lands to cities.

Industrial Working Class

Made up of factory workers and miners.