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To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government."
Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910
The concerns Addams raises in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to which of the following?
A
Social injustice and rising economic inequality
B
The expansion of government regulation of corporations
C
The transformation of rural society by mechanized agriculture
D
Fears about the growing number of immigrants in the United States
Social injustice and rising economic inequality
To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government."
Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910
The ideas expressed in the excerpt most clearly reflect the ideals of which of the following?
A
Progressivism
B
Conservatism
C
Expansionism
D
States' rights
Progressivism
Since the 1890s, despite the abolition of slavery and the three Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, Jim Crow segregation pervaded every aspect of American society. The military was no exception. Following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, black men who volunteered for duty or were drafted were relegated to segregated divisions and combat support roles, such as cook, quartermaster, and grave digger. The military was as segregated as the Deep South.
"It was difficult for African Americans not to see the hypocrisy between conditions at home and the noble war aims that President Franklin Roosevelt articulated in his famous 'Four Freedoms' speech on January 6, 1941. And because of the gap between the promise and the performance of American freedom when it came to race relations, many black people frankly felt alienated from the war effort.
"Despite this discrimination, more than 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft when World War II began; 1 million served. A key voice in the war effort was the Pittsburgh Courier, the nation's most widely read African-American newspaper. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Courier launched a national campaign that urged black people to give their all for the war effort, while at the same time calling on the government to do all it could to make the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and the equal rights amendments to the Constitution real for every citizen, regardless of race. In honor of the battle against enemies from without and within, they called it the Double V campaign."
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., historian, "How Was Black Support Enlisted for World War II, When the Armed Services Were Segregated?," 2017
Which of the following best explains an effect of the events described in the excerpt?
A
African Americans increasingly moved away from urban areas.
B
New forms of expression emerged in African American art and culture.
C
Support by African Americans for New Deal policies declined.
D
African American socioeconomic standing improved overall.
African American socioeconomic standing improved overall.
Since the 1890s, despite the abolition of slavery and the three Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, Jim Crow segregation pervaded every aspect of American society. The military was no exception. Following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, black men who volunteered for duty or were drafted were relegated to segregated divisions and combat support roles, such as cook, quartermaster, and grave digger. The military was as segregated as the Deep South.
"It was difficult for African Americans not to see the hypocrisy between conditions at home and the noble war aims that President Franklin Roosevelt articulated in his famous 'Four Freedoms' speech on January 6, 1941. And because of the gap between the promise and the performance of American freedom when it came to race relations, many black people frankly felt alienated from the war effort.
"Despite this discrimination, more than 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft when World War II began; 1 million served. A key voice in the war effort was the Pittsburgh Courier, the nation's most widely read African-American newspaper. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Courier launched a national campaign that urged black people to give their all for the war effort, while at the same time calling on the government to do all it could to make the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and the equal rights amendments to the Constitution real for every citizen, regardless of race. In honor of the battle against enemies from without and within, they called it the Double V campaign."
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., historian, "How Was Black Support Enlisted for World War II, When the Armed Services Were Segregated?," 2017
Which of the following best explains how actions such as those described in the excerpt affected wartime mobilization?
A
Many women experienced new economic and social opportunities.
B
The economic crisis deepened as a result of military spending.
C
Immigration declined because of improving unemployment rates.
D
The public widely rejected the internment of Japanese Americans.
Many women experienced new economic and social opportunities.
Since the 1890s, despite the abolition of slavery and the three Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, Jim Crow segregation pervaded every aspect of American society. The military was no exception. Following the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, black men who volunteered for duty or were drafted were relegated to segregated divisions and combat support roles, such as cook, quartermaster, and grave digger. The military was as segregated as the Deep South.
"It was difficult for African Americans not to see the hypocrisy between conditions at home and the noble war aims that President Franklin Roosevelt articulated in his famous 'Four Freedoms' speech on January 6, 1941. And because of the gap between the promise and the performance of American freedom when it came to race relations, many black people frankly felt alienated from the war effort.
"Despite this discrimination, more than 2.5 million African Americans registered for the draft when World War II began; 1 million served. A key voice in the war effort was the Pittsburgh Courier, the nation's most widely read African-American newspaper. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Courier launched a national campaign that urged black people to give their all for the war effort, while at the same time calling on the government to do all it could to make the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and the equal rights amendments to the Constitution real for every citizen, regardless of race. In honor of the battle against enemies from without and within, they called it the Double V campaign."
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., historian, "How Was Black Support Enlisted for World War II, When the Armed Services Were Segregated?," 2017
Which of the following best explains a result of the developments described in the excerpt?
A
African Americans entered the military because they could not find employment owing to the Great Depression.
B
Many African American men preferred to remain as sharecroppers rather than enlist in the military.
C
New employment opportunities opened up for African Americans in industrial and defense industries.
D
The United States government allowed African American enlistment only after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
New employment opportunities opened up for African Americans in industrial and defense industries.
How many times have you heard the story that we cleaned up Pittsburgh years ago? Do you know that Pittsburgh air is far more dangerous to breathe now[?]... The danger is the gas you do not see—the sulfur dioxide that our environmental scientists tell us is increasing."
Public service announcement script, Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1970
The methods used to express the ideas in the public service announcements have the most in common with those of female activists who
A
participated in the Second Great Awakening
B
engaged in Progressive Era reform movements
C
advocated on behalf of the Fourteenth Amendment
D
promoted the ideal of republican motherhood
engaged in Progressive Era reform movements
In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic—Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . . . Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. . . . And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!"
Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898
Beveridge's speech was written in the context of
A
war with Great Britain during the James Madison administration
B
efforts to gain concessions from Mexico through conflict
C
debates in the aftermath of war with Spain
D
the decision to avoid war with France during the John Adams administration
debates in the aftermath of war with Spain
In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic—Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . . . Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. . . . And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!"
Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898
Based on the excerpt, Beveridge would have most likely opposed which of the following?
A
Senator Henry Dawes's program to reform American Indian policy through forced assimilation
B
Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence
C
The Chinese Exclusion Act and limits on immigration
D
The doctrine of survival of the fittest as applied to society
Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence
In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic—Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . . . Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. . . . And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!"
Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898
Beveridge's ideas in the excerpt best support which of the following positions commonly expressed at the time?
A
Mexico and Canada have no right to question or check United States expansion.
B
The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given.
C
The United States foreign policy has always been isolationist and reluctant to intervene abroad.
D
A smaller federal government was necessary to face the foreign policy challenges of the twentieth
The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given.
Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to have contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ?
A
African American migrants from the southern United States
B
Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe
C
Immigrants from northern and western Europe
D
Immigrants from eastern and Southern Asia
Immigrants from eastern and southern Asia
Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the trend in Chicago's population from 1890 to 1940 ?
A
Increasing birth rates
B
Job opportunities in industry
C
The promise of religious freedom
D
Growing employment in agriculture
Job opportunities in industry
Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image (Columbias easter bonnet cartoon)?
A
The United States victory in the Spanish-American War
B
The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson
C
The United States contributions to the Allied victory in the First World War
D
The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution
The United States victory in the Spanish-American War
The developments referenced by the image(Columbias easter bonnet cartoon) most directly contributed to United States involvement in
A
competition with Russia in opening trade with Japan
B
the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines
C
acquisition of territory from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
D
an international monetary system that supported free trade between nations
the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines
The ideas expressed through the image (Columbias easter bonnet cartoon) reveal that in 1901, which of the following was most true of the United States?
A
Theories of survival of the fittest had been widely rejected by the public.
B
Efforts to spread democracy overseas had been largely peaceful.
C
Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy.
D
Women were encouraged to join the armed forces.
Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy.
Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air.
"Off to the camps again-deep woods-canoes on the lake-roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away.
"Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ."
Advertisement for radios, published in 1923
The development depicted in the excerpt (radio) had most in common with which of the following earlier developments?
A
The passage of land reforms during the Civil War
B
The expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age
C
The enactment of moral reform legislation during the Progressive Era
D
The efforts to mobilize popular support for the First World War
The expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age
Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air.
"Off to the camps again-deep woods-canoes on the lake-roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away.
"Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ."
Advertisement for radios, published in 1923
The excerpt (radio) best reflects which of the following changes to United States society compared to previous periods?
A
The decline of segregationist policies in public spaces
B
The resistance to labor organization by corporations
C
The growth of a consumer culture that emphasized leisure time
D
The increased importance of defense industries after the First World War
The growth of a consumer culture that emphasized leisure time
Down to the beach again-into the water-out on the boats. And every party a [radio] party, with concerts and dance music coming in on the air.
"Off to the camps again-deep woods-canoes on the lake-roasted corn. And a campfire. With a [radio] to bring in music from cities a thousand miles away.
"Baseball again-and the scores broadcasted to your [radio] in the backwoods. Quiet days of rest, but not dull days. Rainy days indoors, but days of fun. Fun all day, every day. . . ."
Advertisement for radios, published in 1923
Which of the following best explains a long-term result of the development depicted in the excerpt radio?
A
New labor demands resulted in fewer people working in agriculture.
B
New types of art emerged within urban African American communities.
C
New prosperity brought working-class citizens into the middle class.
D
New forms of mass media contributed to the spread of national culture.
New forms of mass media contributed to the spread of national culture.
Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
"I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
"It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
"The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes."
Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917
Which of the following contexts helps to explain the debate in which La Follette was participating in the excerpt?
A
Some Americans opposed the launching of imperial ventures for overseas colonies.
B
International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world.
C
The earlier military victory in the Spanish-American War made the United States a leading global superpower.
D
The repeated episodes of economic crisis caused by credit and market instability limited United States international influence.
International conflict led to disagreements over the role of the United States in the world.
Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
"I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
"It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
"The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes."
Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917
A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it
A
expressed opposition to war with Germany
B
was given by an influential political leader
C
asserted that Germans supported the war
D
was delivered during the war declaration debates
expressed opposition to war with Germany
Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
"I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
"It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
"The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes."
Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917
Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt?
A
Americans did not assert rights of neutrality early in the war.
B
The vast majority of popular opinion was in favor of declaring war.
C
Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.
D
Cultural connections made Americans sympathetic toward the Allied Powers.
Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.
Who has registered the knowledge or approval of the American people of the course this Congress is called upon in declaring war upon Germany? Submit the question to the people, you who support it. You who support it dare not do it, for you know that by a vote of more than ten to one the American people as a body would register their declaration against it.
"I venture to say that the response which the German people have made to the demands of this war shows that it has a degree of popular support which the war upon which we are entering has not and never will have among our people. The espionage bills, the conscription bills, and other forcible military measures . . . [are] proof that those responsible for this war fear that it has no popular support. . . .
"It was our absolute right as a neutral [power] to ship food to the people of Germany. That is a position that we have fought for through all of our history. . . .
"The only reason why we have not suffered the sacrifice of just as many ships and just as many lives from the violation of our rights by the war zone and the submarine mines of Great Britain as we have through the unlawful acts of Germany in making her war zone in violation of our neutral rights is simply because we have submitted to Great Britain's dictation. . . . We have not only a legal but a moral responsibility for the position in which Germany has been placed . . . . By suspending the rule [of law] with respect to neutral rights in Great Britain's case, we have been actively aiding her in starving the civil population of Germany. We have helped to drive Germany into a corner, her back to the wall, to fight with what weapons she can lay her hands on to prevent the starving of her women and children, her old men and babes."
Senator Robert La Follette, speech in the United States Senate, 1917
The point of view in the excerpt best supports which of the following historical arguments about United States involvement in the First World War before 1917 ?
A
Great Britain was defending humanitarian ideals shared with the United States.
B
The actions of Germany promoted the democratic principles of the United States.
C
United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality.
D
German attacks on American ships justified a United States military response.
United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality.
A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem.
"The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures.
"Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . .
"News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors."
Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938
Which of the following contributed to Hubert's criticism in the excerpt of White Americans who visited Harlem in the 1920s?
A
The inability of African American artists to influence popular culture
B
Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations
C
Opposition to recruiting African American soldiers for the United States Army
D
Racial restrictions on the freedom of speech imposed during the First World War
Ongoing public debates over how to improve race relations
A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem.
"The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures.
"Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . .
"News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors."
Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938
The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments by the 1920s?
A
The growing similarity of rural and urban African American culture
B
The decline in racial violence against African Americans
C
The rise of African American civil rights advocacy organizations in the North
D
The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration
The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration
A few years ago, in the late 1920's, Alain Leroy Locke, a professor at Howard University . . . came to Harlem to gather material for the now famous Harlem Number of the Survey Graphic [magazine] and was hailed as the discoverer of artistic Harlem.
"The Whites who read that issue of the Survey Graphic became aware that in Harlem, the largest Negro city in the world, there existed a group interested in the fine arts, creative literature, and classical music. So, well-meaning, vapid [dull] Whites from downtown New York came by bus, subway, or in limousines, to see for themselves these Negroes who wrote poetry and fiction and painted pictures.
"Of course, said these pilgrims, it couldn't approach the creative results of Whites, but as a novelty, well, it didn't need standards. The very fact that these Blacks had the temerity to produce so-called Art, and not its quality, made the whole fantastic movement so alluring. . . .
"News that Harlem had become a paradise spread rapidly and from villages and towns all over America . . . there began a [Black] migration of quaint [eccentric] characters, each with a message, who descended upon Harlem, sought out the cafes, lifted teacups with a jutting little finger, and dreamed of sponsors."
Levi C. Hubert, African American journalist, essay reflecting on life in Harlem in the 1920s, written in 1938
Which of the following best explains a context for the development depicted in the excerpt?
A
African American sharecropping led to the creation of a new southern regional identity.
B
African American painters created works to advocate against fascist ideologies.
C
Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression.
D
Market instability caused African Americans to seek work as writers.
Urban centers provided African Americans with opportunities for artistic expression.
"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . . . The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful."
President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925
Members of which of the following groups would have been most likely to agree with the perspective expressed by Coolidge in the excerpt?
A
Business executives
B
Farm laborers
C
Industrial workers
D
Recent immigrants
Business executives
"We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be the poor. . . . The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which everyone will have a better chance to be successful."
President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925
In the excerpt, Coolidge was reacting most directly against
A
Progressive efforts to regulate the economy
B
the consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies
C
conspicuous consumption by some segments of society
D
the promotion of laissez-faire economic policies
Progressive efforts to regulate the economy
Resolved, That woman is man's equal....
"Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her.
"Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.
"Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means."
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848
In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on
A
achieving the right to vote
B
receiving equal pay for equal work
C
ending domestic violence
D
gaining equal access to higher education
achieving the right to vote
I believe, we shall find arguments in favor of the retention of the Philippines as possessions of great value and a source of great profit to the people of the United States which cannot be overthrown. First, as to the islands themselves. They are over a hundred thousand square miles in extent, and are of the greatest richness and fertility. From these islands . . . there is no tropical product which cannot be raised in abundance. . . .
"A much more important point is to be found in the markets which they furnish. The total value of exports and imports for 1896 amounted in round numbers to $29,000,000. . . . There can be no doubt that the islands in our peaceful possession would take from us a very large proportion of their imports. . . . With the development of the islands and the increase of commerce and of business activity the consumption of foreign imports would rapidly advance, and of this increase we should reap the chief benefit. . . .
". . . Manila, with its magnificent bay, is the prize and the pearl of the East. In our hands it will become one of the greatest distributing points, one of the richest emporiums of the world's commerce. Rich in itself, with all its fertile islands behind it, it will . . . enable American enterprise and intelligence to take a master share in all the trade of the Orient! We have been told that arguments like these are sordid. Sordid indeed! . . . A policy which proposes to open wider markets to the people of the United States . . . seems to me a great and noble policy."
Henry Cabot Lodge, senator, speech to the United States Senate, 1900
Which of the following best explains Lodge's point of view on markets in the excerpt?
A
Many Americans believed that acquiring island territories would encourage economic development.
B
Republican business leaders lobbied for imperial expansion to provide locations for new factories.
C
Political leaders claimed that the lives of Native Americans could be improved if they moved to new overseas colonies.
D
Democrats argued that the United States should focus on domestic economic development over international trade.
Many Americans believed that acquiring island territories would encourage economic development.
I believe, we shall find arguments in favor of the retention of the Philippines as possessions of great value and a source of great profit to the people of the United States which cannot be overthrown. First, as to the islands themselves. They are over a hundred thousand square miles in extent, and are of the greatest richness and fertility. From these islands . . . there is no tropical product which cannot be raised in abundance. . . .
"A much more important point is to be found in the markets which they furnish. The total value of exports and imports for 1896 amounted in round numbers to $29,000,000. . . . There can be no doubt that the islands in our peaceful possession would take from us a very large proportion of their imports. . . . With the development of the islands and the increase of commerce and of business activity the consumption of foreign imports would rapidly advance, and of this increase we should reap the chief benefit. . . .
". . . Manila, with its magnificent bay, is the prize and the pearl of the East. In our hands it will become one of the greatest distributing points, one of the richest emporiums of the world's commerce. Rich in itself, with all its fertile islands behind it, it will . . . enable American enterprise and intelligence to take a master share in all the trade of the Orient! We have been told that arguments like these are sordid. Sordid indeed! . . . A policy which proposes to open wider markets to the people of the United States . . . seems to me a great and noble policy."
Henry Cabot Lodge, senator, speech to the United States Senate, 1900
Which of the following explains the historical situation that led Lodge to deliver the speech in the excerpt?
A
The United States came to control new colonial possessions after the Spanish-American War.
B
The United States negotiated territorial exchanges with Germany to end the First World War.
C
The United States invaded Pacific islands as a means to defeat Japan in the Second World War.
D
The United States sought continued employment overseas for veterans of wars with Native Americans.
The United States came to control new colonial possessions after the Spanish-American War.
I believe, we shall find arguments in favor of the retention of the Philippines as possessions of great value and a source of great profit to the people of the United States which cannot be overthrown. First, as to the islands themselves. They are over a hundred thousand square miles in extent, and are of the greatest richness and fertility. From these islands . . . there is no tropical product which cannot be raised in abundance. . . .
"A much more important point is to be found in the markets which they furnish. The total value of exports and imports for 1896 amounted in round numbers to $29,000,000. . . . There can be no doubt that the islands in our peaceful possession would take from us a very large proportion of their imports. . . . With the development of the islands and the increase of commerce and of business activity the consumption of foreign imports would rapidly advance, and of this increase we should reap the chief benefit. . . .
". . . Manila, with its magnificent bay, is the prize and the pearl of the East. In our hands it will become one of the greatest distributing points, one of the richest emporiums of the world's commerce. Rich in itself, with all its fertile islands behind it, it will . . . enable American enterprise and intelligence to take a master share in all the trade of the Orient! We have been told that arguments like these are sordid. Sordid indeed! . . . A policy which proposes to open wider markets to the people of the United States . . . seems to me a great and noble policy."
Henry Cabot Lodge, senator, speech to the United States Senate, 1900
Which of the following best explains the historical situation that caused opponents of Lodge to call arguments such as the ones in the excerpt "sordid"?
A
Many Americans asserted that the Philippines should become a state.
B
Many Filipinos joined a nationalist movement seeking independence from the United States.
C
Many reformers asserted the racial equality of Filipinos and White Americans.
D
Many manufacturers claimed that expanded trade with eastern Asia was undesirable.
Many Filipinos joined a nationalist movement seeking independence from the United States.
In the period from 1900 to 1921, which of the following groups made up the largest share of immigration to the United States?
A
Italians and Poles
B
French and Germans
C
English and Irish
D
Mexicans and Cubans
Italians and Poles
The policy suggested in the image (Funneling imamgranst) was most directly a response to
A
concerns that immigrants would draw on social welfare resources
B
demands that the government play a smaller role in regulating immigration
C
fears that immigrants were dangerous radicals or would increase competition for jobs
D
beliefs that immigrants would help establish a more multicultural and diverse United States
fears that immigrants were dangerous radicals or would increase competition for jobs
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose the policy suggested in the image?
A
Social Darwinists and nativists
B
Leaders of organized labor unions
C
African American migrants to northern cities
D
Business executives and industrialists
Business executives and industrialists
In the 1960s, the policy referenced in the image was
A
determined to be in the purview of the states rather than the federal government
B
overturned by the passage of new legislation
C
made permanent through an amendment to the United States Constitution
D
left largely unchanged because it did not apply to immigrants from parts of the world other than Europe
overturned by the passage of new legislation
Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples. . . . The sublime rocks of its walls seem to glow with life, whether leaning back in repose or standing erect in thoughtful attitudes, giving welcome to storms and calms alike, their brows in the sky, their feet set in the groves and gay flowery meadows, while birds, bees, and butterflies help the river and waterfalls to stir all the air into music. . . .
"This most precious and sublime feature of the Yosemite National Park, one of the greatest of all our natural resources for the uplifting joy and peace and health of the people, is in danger of being dammed and made into a reservoir to help supply San Francisco with water and light, thus flooding it from wall to wall and burying its gardens and groves one or two hundred feet deep. This grossly destructive commercial scheme has long been planned and urged . . . because of the comparative cheapness of the dam. . . .
"That anyone would try to destroy [Hetch Hetchy Valley] seems incredible; but sad experience shows that there are people good enough and bad enough for anything. The proponents of the dam scheme bring forward a lot of bad arguments to prove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able."
John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912
Which of the following arguments could best be supported by the purpose of the excerpt (The yosemite) ?
A
Urbanization led to the transformation of the natural landscape in every part of the country.
B
Industrialization resulted in the use of fewer raw materials because of efficient production.
C
Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources.
D
Wartime mobilization contributed to the use of national parks for military purposes.
Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources.
Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples. . . . The sublime rocks of its walls seem to glow with life, whether leaning back in repose or standing erect in thoughtful attitudes, giving welcome to storms and calms alike, their brows in the sky, their feet set in the groves and gay flowery meadows, while birds, bees, and butterflies help the river and waterfalls to stir all the air into music. . . .
"This most precious and sublime feature of the Yosemite National Park, one of the greatest of all our natural resources for the uplifting joy and peace and health of the people, is in danger of being dammed and made into a reservoir to help supply San Francisco with water and light, thus flooding it from wall to wall and burying its gardens and groves one or two hundred feet deep. This grossly destructive commercial scheme has long been planned and urged . . . because of the comparative cheapness of the dam. . . .
"That anyone would try to destroy [Hetch Hetchy Valley] seems incredible; but sad experience shows that there are people good enough and bad enough for anything. The proponents of the dam scheme bring forward a lot of bad arguments to prove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able."
John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912
The excerpt (Yosemiite) could best be used to explain the significance of which of the following historical situations?
A
The impact of segregation in the South
B
The result of federal policies toward American Indian nations
C
The role of journalism in reform movements
D
The challenges faced by immigrants settling in the West
The role of journalism in reform movements
Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples. . . . The sublime rocks of its walls seem to glow with life, whether leaning back in repose or standing erect in thoughtful attitudes, giving welcome to storms and calms alike, their brows in the sky, their feet set in the groves and gay flowery meadows, while birds, bees, and butterflies help the river and waterfalls to stir all the air into music. . . .
"This most precious and sublime feature of the Yosemite National Park, one of the greatest of all our natural resources for the uplifting joy and peace and health of the people, is in danger of being dammed and made into a reservoir to help supply San Francisco with water and light, thus flooding it from wall to wall and burying its gardens and groves one or two hundred feet deep. This grossly destructive commercial scheme has long been planned and urged . . . because of the comparative cheapness of the dam. . . .
"That anyone would try to destroy [Hetch Hetchy Valley] seems incredible; but sad experience shows that there are people good enough and bad enough for anything. The proponents of the dam scheme bring forward a lot of bad arguments to prove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able."
John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912
Which of the following arguments about Progressives could Muir's point of view best be used to support?
A
They were advocates for the control of natural resources by corporations rather than the government.
B
They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization.
C
They were concerned that suburbanization was causing metropolitan areas to expand too rapidly.
D
They were focused on ensuring the health of people rather than increasing the quality of the environment.
They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization.
Hetch Hetchy Valley, far from being a plain, common, rock-bound meadow, as many who have not seen it seem to suppose, is a grand landscape garden, one of Nature's rarest and most precious mountain temples. . . . The sublime rocks of its walls seem to glow with life, whether leaning back in repose or standing erect in thoughtful attitudes, giving welcome to storms and calms alike, their brows in the sky, their feet set in the groves and gay flowery meadows, while birds, bees, and butterflies help the river and waterfalls to stir all the air into music. . . .
"This most precious and sublime feature of the Yosemite National Park, one of the greatest of all our natural resources for the uplifting joy and peace and health of the people, is in danger of being dammed and made into a reservoir to help supply San Francisco with water and light, thus flooding it from wall to wall and burying its gardens and groves one or two hundred feet deep. This grossly destructive commercial scheme has long been planned and urged . . . because of the comparative cheapness of the dam. . . .
"That anyone would try to destroy [Hetch Hetchy Valley] seems incredible; but sad experience shows that there are people good enough and bad enough for anything. The proponents of the dam scheme bring forward a lot of bad arguments to prove that the only righteous thing to do with the people's parks is to destroy them bit by bit as they are able."
John Muir, The Yosemite, published in 1912
The ideas expressed in the excerpt (yosemitie) are best situated within which of the following broader historical contexts?
A
The enactment of reforms meant to address issues of unemployment and economic growth
B
The response to innovations in technology that contributed to the growth of mass culture
C
The result of efforts to expand United States control of territories in the Pacific and East Asia
D
The impact of the transition of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial economy
The impact of the transition of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial economy
Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there....
"A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists."
Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012
The "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt was most directly a response to the experience of
A
desegregation
B
economic depression
C
mass consumption
D
nativism
economic depression
Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there....
"A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists."
Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012
Which of the following most likely contributed to the decline of the "political radicalism" referred to in the excerpt?
A
The drafting of young men to fight in Vietnam
B
Racial discrimination in the United States armed forces during the Second World War
C
Anticommunist measures during the Cold War
D
Neglect of Black artists and culture during the New Deal
Anticommunist measures during the Cold War
For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition."
James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010
The conflict described in the excerpt "Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstructio" is most similar to conflict in what other period?
A
The period from after the Seven Years' War through the 1760s
B
The period from after the War of 1812 through the 1820s
C
The period from after the First World War through the 1920s
D
The period from after the Second World War through the 1950s
The period from after the First World War through the 1920s
We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
"To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
"We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government."
"Petition of the National Security League," 1923
Which of the following contexts most directly contributed to the trend in immigration described in the first paragraph of the excerpt?
A
The passage of Progressive Era reforms that expanded participatory democracy
B
The enactment of laws to preserve territory and protect natural resources from development
C
The establishment of overseas colonies following the Spanish-American War
D
The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy
The continued transition of the United States from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy
We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
"To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
"We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government."
"Petition of the National Security League," 1923
Which of the following most directly refutes the argument presented in the third paragraph of the excerpt?
A
Nativist campaigns led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration from Europe and Asia.
B
Racial violence and segregation contributed to a Great Migration during and after the First World War.
C
New forms of mass media contributed to greater awareness of regional and international cultures.
D
Controversies emerged over the roles of science and religion in United States culture and
Nativist campaigns led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration from Europe and Asia.
We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
"To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
"We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government."
"Petition of the National Security League," 1923
Which of the following evidence best supports the claims made in the excerpt?
A
Progressive reformers disagreed about immigration restrictions.
B
Immigration from Europe peaked in the early decades of the twentieth century.
C
Migration of African Americans gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic identities.
D
Urban political machines thrived by providing immigrants with social services and employment in exchange for votes.
Immigration from Europe peaked in the early decades of the twentieth century.
We realize that certain bodies of men, who do not believe in the basic principles of our Republic, having taken advantage of American hospitality to secure residence within our territory, have brought into organization a large number of committees and associations whose avowed purpose it is to destroy our Government (using force if necessary) and to place the country under the domination of some such self-constituted commission of Socialists or Bolshevists as has brought anarchy and misery upon Russia.
"To nullify the pernicious influence of these enemies of the Republic, we, the undersigned, herewith declare and take oath that we hold ourselves ready to answer any call to defend our country against any and all attempts to change our Government by usurpation or by force. We seek for this pledge the widest publicity and urge all citizens, irrespective of sex, age, creed, or race, who believe as we do in the importance of maintaining American principles, to join us in this pledge.
"We further declare our purpose to do our utmost to secure for those who come to our country from foreign lands a clearer and nobler sense of citizenship than they have heretofore realized; and to develop these new residents into understanding American citizens, to emphasize to them the value of the great privilege that is within their reach of securing American citizenship, and to secure their co-operation in combating the pernicious propaganda which aims to undermine the Government."
"Petition of the National Security League," 1923
The excerpt best serves as evidence in support of which of the following arguments about the home front during and after the First World War?
A
African Americans who moved to cities of the North and West encountered discrimination.
B
Middle-class reformers sought to improve living and working conditions for the urban working classes.
C
The United States departed from its foreign policy of noninvolvement in order to defend democracy.
D
Increased anxieties about political radicalism led to restrictions on the freedom of speech.
Increased anxieties about political radicalism led to restrictions on the freedom of speech.
Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines.
"We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions.
". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor."
Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901
Which of the following best explains a conclusion about United States foreign policy in the early 1900s supported by the point of view expressed in the excerpt?
A
Americans supported the goals of nationalists in the Philippines.
B
Americans expressed little opposition to acquiring new colonial possessions.
C
Political leaders usually did not consider the economic effects of overseas ventures.
D
Political leaders continued to promote the earlier idea of predestined national expansion.
Political leaders continued to promote the earlier idea of predestined national expansion.
Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines.
"We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions.
". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor."
Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901
The speech's point of view can best be used to support which of the following historical arguments about the early 1900s?
A
Most Americans believed that the United States should continue an isolationist foreign policy.
B
Most Americans asserted that American Indians were unjustly harmed by federal policy toward them.
C
Some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify imperialism.
D
Some Americans appealed to racial theories in order to oppose efforts to acquire new territorial possessions.
Some Americans advocated economic development of overseas countries in order to justify imperialism.
Let me insist again . . . upon the fact that our duty is twofold, and that we must raise others while we are benefiting ourselves. In bringing order to the Philippines, our soldiers added a new page to the honor-roll of American history, and they incalculably benefited the islanders themselves. . . . [T]he islands now enjoy a peace and liberty of which they have hitherto never even dreamed. But this peace and liberty under the law must be supplemented by material, by industrial development. Every encouragement should be given to their commercial development, to the introduction of American industries and products; not merely because this will be a good thing for our people, but infinitely more because it will be of incalculable benefit to the people of the Philippines.
"We shall make mistakes; and if we let these mistakes frighten us from our work we shall show ourselves weaklings. . . . We committed plenty of blunders . . . in our dealings with the Indians. But who does not admit at the present day that we were right in wresting from barbarism and adding to civilization the territory out of which we have made these beautiful [United] States? And now we are civilizing the Indian and putting him on a level to which he could never have attained under the old conditions.
". . . [W]e have always in the end come out victorious because we have refused to be daunted by blunders and defeats. . . . We gird [ourselves] as a nation, with the stern purpose to play our part manfully in winning the ultimate triumph; . . . and with unfaltering steps tread the rough road of endeavor."
Theodore Roosevelt, "National Duties," address given at the Minnesota State Fair, September 1901
Which of the following is a limitation of using the excerpt to study the long-term influences on United States involvement overseas in the early 1900s?
A
The speech was delivered by Roosevelt at a local state gathering
B
The speech was given during the period when this development occurred
C
The speech expressed support for westward expansion in North America
D
The speech expressed a desire to alter the cultures of American Indians
The speech was given during the period when this development occurred
All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year."
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890
Studies similar to Riis' were most effective in prompting action by the federal government during the
A
1920s
B
1950s
C
1960s
D
1980s
1960s
All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year."
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890
By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by
A
government unemployment programs
B
acceptance of immigrants by native-born Americans
C
efforts of middle-class reformers
D
consolidation of large corporations
efforts of middle-class reformers
All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year."
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890
The excerpt (Riis) is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
A
The first Red Scare
B
Industrialization
C
The Great Depression
D
Reconstruction
Industrialization
The Communists are in China to stay. And China's destiny is not [Chinese nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi's] but theirs. In this unhappy dilemma, the United States should attempt to prevent the disaster of a civil war through adjustment of the new alignment of power in China by peaceful process. The desirable means to this end is to encourage the reform and revitalization of the Kuomintang [Nationalist Party of China] so that it may survive as a significant force in a coalition government [with the Chinese Communist Party]. If this fails, we must limit our involvement with the Kuomintang and must commence some cooperation with the Communists, the force destined to control China, in an effort to influence them further into an independent position friendly to the United States. We are working against time because, if the USSR enters the war against Japan and invades China before either of these alternatives succeeds, the Communists will be captured by the USSR and become Soviet satellites."
John Paton Davies, United States diplomat in China, "Observations on the Struggle for Power in China," 1943
The purpose of the excerpt is best explained as promoting which of the following?
A
Withdrawing United States military support from China before the end of the Second World War
B
Encouraging the Chinese government to invade the Soviet Union after the Second World War
C
Forming a military alliance with the communists before the end of the Second World War
D
Negotiating a peaceful settlement in China to limit Soviet influence after the Second World War
Negotiating a peaceful settlement in China to limit Soviet influence after the Second World War
The Communists are in China to stay. And China's destiny is not [Chinese nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi's] but theirs. In this unhappy dilemma, the United States should attempt to prevent the disaster of a civil war through adjustment of the new alignment of power in China by peaceful process. The desirable means to this end is to encourage the reform and revitalization of the Kuomintang [Nationalist Party of China] so that it may survive as a significant force in a coalition government [with the Chinese Communist Party]. If this fails, we must limit our involvement with the Kuomintang and must commence some cooperation with the Communists, the force destined to control China, in an effort to influence them further into an independent position friendly to the United States. We are working against time because, if the USSR enters the war against Japan and invades China before either of these alternatives succeeds, the Communists will be captured by the USSR and become Soviet satellites."
John Paton Davies, United States diplomat in China, "Observations on the Struggle for Power in China," 1943
The excerpt's point of view best explains the issues in which of the following?
A
Arguments regarding whether to use atomic weaponry against Japan
B
Debates about how to address the consequences of the war in the Pacific
C
Campaigns to encourage women to work in defense industries
D
Controversies over alleged communist infiltration of the United States government
Debates about how to address the consequences of the war in the Pacific
The Communists are in China to stay. And China's destiny is not [Chinese nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi's] but theirs. In this unhappy dilemma, the United States should attempt to prevent the disaster of a civil war through adjustment of the new alignment of power in China by peaceful process. The desirable means to this end is to encourage the reform and revitalization of the Kuomintang [Nationalist Party of China] so that it may survive as a significant force in a coalition government [with the Chinese Communist Party]. If this fails, we must limit our involvement with the Kuomintang and must commence some cooperation with the Communists, the force destined to control China, in an effort to influence them further into an independent position friendly to the United States. We are working against time because, if the USSR enters the war against Japan and invades China before either of these alternatives succeeds, the Communists will be captured by the USSR and become Soviet satellites."
John Paton Davies, United States diplomat in China, "Observations on the Struggle for Power in China," 1943
The excerpt could best be used by historians to explain which of the following historical situations?
A
Attempts by the United States to use its power to influence postwar peace settlements
B
Challenges to the economic influence of the United States as a result of the Second World War
C
Resistance to treaties between the United States and Asian nations by European colonial powers
D
Rejection of international engagement by isolationists in the United States government
Attempts by the United States to use its power to influence postwar peace settlements
"Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.... It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist."
Speech by Secretary of State George Marshall initiating the aid program known as the Marshall Plan, 1947
The ideas expressed in the excerpt were most directly motivated by the
A
tensions created by the outcome of the First World War
B
desire to export more agricultural goods to Europe
C
devastation left by the Second World War
D
concerns about the need for mass mobilization in future conflicts
devastation left by the Second World War
I am] commanded to explain to the Japanese that. . . [the United States] population has rapidly spread through the country, until it has reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now large cities, from which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or twenty days; [and] that . . . the Japan seas will soon be covered with our vessels.
"Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in peace and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no friendship can long exist, unless Japan ceases to act toward Americans as if they were her enemies. . . .
"Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and [the United States has], as an evidence of [its] friendly intentions . . . brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo [Tokyo] in the ensuing spring with a much larger force."
Commodore Matthew C. Perry to the emperor of Japan, letter, 1853
Which of the following was a major United States foreign policy change in the Pacific region at the end of the nineteenth century?
A
The United States began to accept unrestricted immigration from East Asia.
B
The United States supported the formation of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
C
The United States reduced the size of its navy through international agreements.
D
The United States acquired new colonial possessions such as the Philippines.
The United States acquired new colonial possessions such as the Philippines.
No thoughtful person can question that the American economic system is under broad attack. This varies in scope, intensity, in the techniques employed, and in the level of visibility.
"There always have been some who opposed the American system. . . .
"But what now concerns us is quite new in the history of America. We are not dealing with sporadic or isolated attacks from a relatively few extremists or even from the minority socialist cadre. Rather, the assault on the enterprise system is broadly based and consistently pursued. . . .
"The most disquieting voices joining the chorus of criticism come from perfectly respectable elements of society: from the college campus, the pulpit, the media, the intellectual and literary journals, the arts and sciences, and from politicians."
Memorandum from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., attorney and future United States Supreme Court Justice, to Eugene B. Sydnor of the United States Chamber of Commerce, 1971
Those who shared Powell's perspective most likely opposed which of the following developments in the United States?
A
The rise of the military‑industrial complex during the 1950s and the 1960s
B
An increase in the standard of living in the decades following the Second World War
C
Laws limiting the power of labor unions in the 1920s
D
The creation of social welfare and regulatory agencies under the New Deal and Great Society
The creation of social welfare and regulatory agencies under the New Deal and Great Society
The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government."
Progressive Party Platform, 1912
Progressivism, as described in the excerpt, has the most in common with which of the following later domestic policy initiatives?
A
President Lyndon Johnson's protection of voting rights during the Great Society
B
President Ronald Reagan's deregulation of industries
C
President Bill Clinton's changes to welfare policy
D
President Herbert Hoover's support for increased tariffs during the Great Depression
President Lyndon Johnson's protection of voting rights during the Great Society
The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government."
Progressive Party Platform, 1912
The excerpt suggests that Progressives in the early twentieth century most typically sought to
A
challenge political inequality
B
advocate a return to agrarianism
C
justify the inequality of wealth
D
oppose United States imperialism
challenge political inequality
The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government."
Progressive Party Platform, 1912
Which of the following groups is most credited with advancing Progressivism?
A
Anarchist activists
B
Recent immigrants
C
Agricultural workers
D
Middle-class women
Middle-class women
In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
"The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
"The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
"The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
"The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world."
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941
Which of the following most immediately increased enthusiasm in the United States for upholding the freedoms outlined in the excerpt?
A
The passage of a federal law providing veterans with financial aid in housing and education
B
The successful detonation of an atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project
C
The growing number of women working in defense manufacturing
D
The attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor
The attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor
In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
"The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
"The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
"The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
"The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world."
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union address, January 1941
Which of the following most directly contributed to Roosevelt's view that "freedom from want" was necessary?
A
The inspiration of Woodrow Wilson's vision for an international democratic order
B
The experience of domestic and global economic upheavals during the 1930s
C
The memory of federal agencies violating some Americans' civil liberties in the 1920s
D
The fear of the Soviet threat to spread communism to nations in the West
The experience of domestic and global economic upheavals during the 1930s
Note 
Flashcard (41)