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Austin
Capital of Texas
Houston
Largest city in Texas by population
Rio Grande
River forming the border between Texas and Mexico
Guadalupe Peak
Highest point in Texas
Rocky Mountains
Mountain range running through western Texas
The Great Plains
Vast, flat grassland region in Texas
Chihuahuan Desert
Desert extending into western Texas
Galveston Bay
Large bay along the Texas Gulf Coast
Brazos River
Longest river entirely within Texas
Padre Island
Barrier island along the Texas Gulf Coast
El Paso
City in Texas known as the 'Gateway to the West'
Buffalo Bayou
Bayou flowing through Houston into the Gulf of Mexico
Natural Bridge Caverns
Famous limestone caverns near San Antonio
Lake Travis
Reservoir formed by a dam on the Colorado River in Texas
Alonso Álvarez de Pineda
Spanish explorer who mapped the Texas Gulf Coast in 1519
Spanish missions
Type of missions established by Franciscan missionaries in East Texas in the 1690s
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Treaty settling boundary disputes between the United States and Spain
Mexican Constitution of 1824
Document establishing Mexico as a federal republic
Law of April 6, 1830
Mexican law restricting immigration to Texas from the United States
Texas Declaration of Independence
Document signed in 1836 leading to the establishment of the Republic of Texas
Treaties of Velasco (1836)
Treaties ending hostilities between Texas and Mexico after the Texas Revolution
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Conflict between the United States and Mexico over territorial disputes
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Treaty ending the Mexican-American War and resulting in Mexico ceding territory to the United States
Compromise of 1850
Series of legislative measures addressing slavery and territorial issues
Reconstruction Era (1865-1870)
Period following the Civil War aimed at rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves
13th Amendment (1865)
Amendment abolishing slavery in the United States
14th Amendment (1868)
Amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law
15th Amendment (1870)
Amendment granting voting rights regardless of race
What was the purpose of Spanish missions in Texas
To convert Native Americans to Christianity and establish Spanish presence in the region.
Which European country established the Spanish missions in Texas?
Spain
What was the primary activity of the missionaries in the Spanish missions?
Religious instruction and conversion of Native Americans to Christianity.
Name one of the missions established by the Spanish in Texas.
Mission San Antonio de Valero (commonly known as the Alamo).
Where were the Spanish missions typically built in relation to Native American settlements?
Near Native American settlements or villages.
What was the typical layout of a Spanish mission complex?
It included a church, living quarters for the friars, workshops, granaries, and sometimes defensive walls.
What agricultural activities were carried out in the Spanish missions?
Farming, ranching, and cultivating crops.
What challenges did the Spanish missionaries face in their efforts to convert Native Americans?
Resistance from some Native American groups, diseases, and conflicts with other European powers.
What was the ultimate fate of the Spanish missions in Texas?
Many were abandoned or secularized in the 18th and 19th centuries, while some continue to operate as active churches or historic sites.
What happened in 1519?
Alonso Álvarez de Pineda maps the Texas coastline.
What occurred in 1685?
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, establishes Fort Saint Louis in Texas.
What event took place in 1718?
San Antonio is founded by Spanish settlers.
What significant events happened in 1836?
March 2: Texas Declaration of Independence is signed.
What occurred in 1845?
Texas is annexed by the United States and becomes the 28th state.
: What happened in 1861?
Texas secedes from the United States and joins the Confederacy.
What occurred in 1865?
Emancipation of enslaved African Americans is announced in Texas (Juneteenth).
: What event took place in 1876?
Texas adopts its current state constitution.
What happened in 1901?
What happened in 1901?
Spindletop gusher in Beaumont marks the beginning of the Texas oil boom.
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