Theories of Personality | Quiz 1

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Persona

Persona

Etymologically speaking, the term personality was derived from the Latin word _________ which means a mask worn by the Romans in Greek and Latin drama.

Personality

It is defined as consistent behavior patterns originating within the individual (Russel Geen)

Traits

contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations. They may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species, but their pattern is different for each individual.

Characteristics

are unique qualities of an individual that include attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence.

Theory

It is a set of interrelated concepts or principles with some evidences explaining a particular phenomenon.

Theory of Personality

It is a set of interrelated concepts with some evidences explaining the development or occurrence of individual’s uniqueness or character.

Philosophy

It means love of wisdom. It encompasses several branches, one of which is epistemology, or the nature of knowledge.

Epistemology

The nature of knowledge

Science

It is the branch of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.

Hypothesis

It is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method.

Taxonomy

It is a classification of things according to their natural relationships.

1. Generates research

2. Is falsifiable

3. Organizes data

4. Guides action

5. Is internally consistent

6. Is parsimonious

Six criteria of a useful theory

1. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic approach

2. Behavioral/Social Learning

3. Humanistic Approach

4. Trait Approach

5. Cognitive Approach

Five categories of Personality theories:

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic approach

this approach holds that behaviors are influenced by unconscious processes. According to this approach, we are victims of unconscious sexual and aggressive instinct that constantly influence our behavior.

Behavioral/Social Learning

this approach holds that behavior are influenced by rewards, punishment, and models by means of imitations. According to this approach, we act the way we do because of our environment, not because of our personal choice or direction.

Humanistic Approach

In this approach, people are assumed to have a great deal of responsibility through their actions. This approach stresses that although we sometimes respond automatically to events in the environment and may at times be motivated by unconscious impulses. We have the power to determined our own destiny and to decide our actions and most any given moment. We have free will.

Trait Approach

The focus of this approach is to identify types of categories of traits that describe a large number of people and that can be used to predict behavior. It assumed that all people fit into one of the categories that all people within a category is basically alike.

Humanistic-Existential Theories

The primary assumption of this approach is that people strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.

Dispositional Theories

It argues that the unique and long-term tendencies to behave in particular ways are the essence of our personality. These unique dispositions, such as extraversion or anxiety, are called traits

Behavioral-Evolutionary Theories

These theories assume that behavior, thoughts, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems among individuals.

Cognitive Approach

This approach described the differences as difference in a way people process information.

Reliability

It is the extent to which it yields consistent results.

Validity

It is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.

Psychoanalysis

It is considered the most interesting, controversial and famous of all personality theories

Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud

Proponent of psychoanalysis

Freiberg, Moravia (now Czeechoslovakia)

Sigmund Freud’s birthplace

Hysteria

disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body.

Catharsis

Process in which some symptoms of patients would disappear temporarily or permanently by encouraging them to express their feelings and emotions.

The Interpretation of Dreams

Sigmund Freud’s most successful book which led to the start of psychoanalytic movement

1. Conscious

2. Preconscious

3. Unconscious

Three Parts of the mind in Psychoanalysis

Conscious

contains those thoughts of which you are currently aware. This material is changing constantly as new thoughts enter the mind and other pass out of awareness.

Phylogenetic Endowment

Freud believed that a portion of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition. He called these inherited unconscious images our ____________.

Preconscious

It stores all the thoughts that you could bring into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to. These are thoughts which can easily be recalled without special techniques.

Unconscious

These are the materials that we have no immediate access to, and that we cannot bring into consciousness except under certain extreme situations.

1. Id

2. Ego

3. Superego

Three Structures of Personality by Psychoanalysis

Id

concerned only with satisfying personal desires, regardless of the physical or social limitations that might prevent us from getting whatever we want. It serves the pleasure principle.

Ego

Its primary job is to mediate/ balanced the demands of the ld and the outer forces of reality. It is governed by the reality principle.

Superego

the moral arm of the personality, it corresponds to one's conscience. It represents society's- and in particular, the parents'-values and standards. It is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles.

Drive(s)

From the german word Trieb, it operates as a constant motivational force.

Sex (Eros)

the aim of this drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. Freud used the word Libido for it.

Erogenous zones

Besides the genitals, the mouth and anus are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure and are called ______________.

• Narcissism

• Love

• Sadism

• Masochism

Forms of Sexual Drive

Narcissism

it is manifested during the infant who are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively on their own ego.

Love

develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves.

Sadism

the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person

Masochism

the need for sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others

Aggression (Thanatos)

this is considered as the destructive drive, according to Freud the aim of this drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state. The ultimate inorganic condition is death.

1. Neurotic Anxiety

2. Moral Anxiety

3. Realistic Anxiety

Three Kinds of Anxiety

Neurotic Anxiety

apprehension about an unknown danger. People may experience this in the presence of a teacher, employer, or some other authority figure because they previously experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against one or both parents.

Moral Anxiety

stems from the conflict between the ego and superego. After children establish a superego-usually by the age of 5 or 6- they may experience anxiety as an outgrowth of the conflict between realistic needs and the dictates of their superego.

Realistic Anxiety

this kind of anxiety is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. It is closely related to fear.

Defense mechanisms

The ego’s attempt to reduce or avoid anxiety- an unpleasant emotional experience similar but not identical to feelings of nervousness, worry, agitation, or panic.

1. Repression

2. Sublimation

3. Displacement

4. Denial

5. Reaction Formation

6. Projection

7. Rationalization

8. Compensation

9. Regression

10. Identification

11. Undoing

Defense Mechanisms

Repression

is a mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety-provoking thoughts from being entertained in the conscious level

Sublimation

channeling or substituting of negative id impulses into socially acceptable actions

Displacement

channeling or substituting our impulses from an original target to another person or object

Denial

Mechanism in which we simply state that certain facts do not exist.

Reaction Formation

concealing a motive by giving strong expression to the opposite.

Projection

attributing an unconscious impulse to other people instead of in oneself.

Paranoia

An extreme type of projection charactherized by powerful delusions of jelousy and persecution.

Rationalization

the process of justifying one's conduct by offering socially acceptable reasons in place of real reasons.

Sour Grapes mechanism

It means pretending to dislike what one really likes

Sweet-lemon mechanisms

this means pretending to like what one really dislikes.

Compensation

The process of engaging in substitutive behavior in order to cover up or make up social or physical frustration or lack of ability in a certain area of personality.

Regression

is a mechanism in which a person returns to an earlier stage of development when he or she stress.

Identification/Introjection

defense mechanism by which an individual entrances sell-esteem by taking on the characteristics of someone viewed as successful.

Undoing

cancelling out or making up for a bad act by doing good

Fixation

Happens when the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage.

1. Oral Stage (Birth - 2 years)

2. Anal Stage (2 - 3 years)

3. Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years)

4. Latency Stage ( 6 years - Puberty or Adolescence)

5. Genital Stage (Adulthood)

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oedipus Complex

Its the condition of rivalry toward the father and incestuous feelings toward the mother

• Manifest Content

• Latent Content

Contents of Dream

Freudian Slips (Parapraxes)

commonly called slips of the tongue or pen misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and temporarily forgetting names or intentions that are not chance accidents but reveal a person's unconscious intentions

Transference

refers to strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment.

Individual Psychology

Presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all humankind.

Alfred Adler

Proponent of the individual psychology.

Rudolfsheim, Austria

Birthplace of Alfred Adler

Organ Inferiority Theory

People are more vulnerable to disease in organs that are less developed or “inferior” than other organs.

Masculine Protest

to become more powerful meant to become more masculine and less feminine. He referred to this drive to become more masculine as ____________

Inferiority Complex

When a person becomes overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority and he is prevented from accomplishing anything, the feelings of inferiority acts as barrier for positive accomplishment. Such person is said to have an ___________

Style of life

It is the means by which an individual attempts to gain superiority. It determines which aspects of life are focused on and how it gives a person individual identity.

Social Interest (Gemeinschaftsgefühl)

is the innate need of all human beings to live in harmony and friendship with others and to inspire for the development of the perfect society.

Creative Power

people’s ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality. This is considered Adler’s “crowning achievement” as a personality theorist.

1. Ruling-Dominant Type

2. Getting-Learning Type

3. Avoiding Type

4. Socially Useful Type

Four Types of people according to their degree of social interest

Safeguarding Tendencies

patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace. These protective devices enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life.

Excuses

in this protective device, people first state what they claim they would like to do – something that sounds to others – then they follow with an excuse. These are typically expressed in the “Yes, but” or “if only” format.

Aggression

this protective device is used to safeguard the exaggerated superiority complex, that is, to protect their fragile self-esteem. Safeguarding through this may take the form of depreciation, accusation, or self-accusation.

Withdrawal

the style of running away from difficulties. This is safeguarding through distance.

Family Constellation

this includes birth order, the gender of siblings, and the age spread between them. Although people’s perception of the situation into which they were born is more important than numerical rank, Adler did form some general hypotheses about birth order.

Early Recollections (ERs)

these are the recalled memories which can yield clues for understanding patients’ style of life. Adler did not consider these memories to have a causal effect to personality.

Analytical Psychology

rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone.

Carl Gustav Jung

Proponent of Analytical Psychology

Kesswil, Switzerland

Carl Jung’s Birthpalce

1. Conscious

2. Personal Unconscious

3. Collective Unconscious

Levels of the Psyche by Analytical Psychology:

Personal Unconcious

refers to all the previous conscious materials which are now not available to the conscious mind because it has been forgotten or repressed.

Collective Unconscious

refers to those unconscious materials which were never repressed out of consciousness. Instead, we were born with this unconscious material, and it is basically the same for all people.

Causality

means that the present behavior of an individual can be explained by what he has been in the past.

Teleology

means that the present can be explained in terms of the future.

Attitude

it refers to the predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.

Introverts

tuned into their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions