Criminology key stats unit 4

How many house of commons MPs are selected (relevant to?)

650 MPs (relevant to 1.1)

how many House of Lords lords are selected (relevant to?)

800 Lords (relevant to 1.1)

Crime Act 1997 introduced mandatory minimum sentences eg. (relevant to?)

minimum 7 years for a class A drug trafficking offence. (relevant to 2.2 public protection)

From 2007-2020, the proportion of offenders recieving a community sentence has fallen from __ to __ (relevant to?)

Fallen from 14% to 7% (relevant to 2.3 community sentences rehabilitation)

What % of offenders reoffend within 12 months of starting their community sentence? (relevant to?)

34% (relevant to 2.3 community sentences rehabilitation)

What % of fines are written off because the offender can't be traced or there is no realistic chance of collection? (relevant to?)

61% (relevant to 2.3 financial penalties weaknesses)

For a conditional discharge, an offender cannot be punished unless they commit another crime within a set period of time, up to ___. years. (relevant to?)

Up to 3 years (relevant to 2.3 discharges)

What proportion of UK prisoners have been convicted of violent or sexual crimes? (relevant to?)

Almost 1/2 (relevant to 2.3 imprisonment)

As of 30th Dec 2022, how many inmates were serving indeterminate sentences and what % of the prison population was this? (relevant to?)

8513 were doing so, and this was 14% of prison population. (relevant to 2.3 imprisonment - indeterminate sentences)

In Sept 2022, how many UK prisoners were serving determinate sentences? (relevant to?)

66,102. (relevant to 2.3 imrpsionment - determinate sentences)

In 2019, what % of those convicted of indictable offences recieved a suspended sentence? (relevant to?)

15% (relevant to 2.3 imprisonment - suspended sentences)

What % of offenders reoffend within a year of release? (relevant to?)

48%. (relevant to 2.3 imprisonment weaknesses)

What proportion of offenders have a job to go to on release? (relevant to?)

1/4 (relevant to 2.3 imprisonment weaknesses)

What Act meant that those offenders permitted to work are made to pay a proportion of earnings to the victim? (relevant to?)

Prisoners' Earning Act 2011 (relevant to 2.3 imprisonment strengths - reparation)

Due to _____ campaign campaigning for improvements in policing of young people, number of child arrests have fallen by ___% since ___. (relevant to?)

Due to Howard League for Penal Reform, fallen by 64% since 2010. (relevant to charities and pressure groups 3.1 and 3.4)

Which campaign has housed over ____ tennants in its own properties? (relevant to?)

NACRO, 3000 tennants. (relevant to charities and pressure groups 3.1 and 3.4)

NACRO has an annual income of £____ due to __ , __ , and __ . (relevant to?)

£50 million due to public donations, government grants and contracts for providing services to ex-offenders and others. (relevant to charities and pressure groups 3.1 and 3.4)

NACRO has local activies and projects in ___ parts of England and Wales. (relevant to?)

50 parts (relevant to charities and pressure groups 3.1 and 3.4)

The probatio service is ___% over capacity. (relevant to?)

168% (relevant to probation service weaknesses 3.1 and 3.4)

In what proportion of cases are basic domestic violence checks not being made by probation officers? (relevant to?)

1/3 (relevant to probation service weaknesses 3.1 and 3.4)

The reoffending rate for community sentences is __% compared to __% for those with prison sentences less than a year. (relevant to?)

45% and 60% (check these - not same as above) (relevant to probation service strengths 3.1 and 3.4)

As of 30th Sept 2022, how many offenders were supervised by the probation service? This was a _% increase since 2021. (relevant to?)

240,674, 2% increase. (relevant to probation service working practices 3.1 and 3.4)

In 2023, the probation service had a budget of £__. (relevant to?)

£2 billion (relevant to probation service funding 3.1 and 3.4)

The probation srvice has __ probation working regions. (relevant to?)

12 (relevant to probation service working practices 3.1 and 3.4)

How many privately run community rehabilitation companies used to exist? How many missed their reoffending targets? When were the contracts terminated by?

21, but 19/21 missed their reoffending marks. Terminated by June 2021 (relevant to probation service funding weaknesses 3.1 and 3.4)

What % of defendants are prosecuted?

84.1% (relevant to CPS 3.1 and 3.4 successes)

Between 2014-18, rape cases more than ___ but prosecutions ___.

More than doubled, fell. (relevant to CPS 3.1 and 3.4 weaknesses)

There are __ local area branches in England and Wales.

14 (relevant to CPS 3.1 and 3.4 working practices)

the 15th CPS branch does what?

IS a direct line and offers 24/7 advisory service to the police (relevant to CPS 3.1 and 3.4 working practices)

The CPS was established in ___ due to the ____ Act in __.

established in 1986 due to the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. (relevant to CPS 3.1 and 3.4 working practices)

In 2018, the CPS budget was cut by __% which led to what proportion of staff being lost?

By 25% , lost 1/3 of staff(relevant to CPS 3.1 and 3.4 funding)

The CPS gets around £___ from central government.

????????????

There were __ prison deaths from - due to substance abuse.

64, from 2013-16. (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 weaknesses)

The HMP Birmingham riots in ___ were the worst prison riots in ___ years. It was originally run by ___ but returned to government control after this.

2016, worst in 25 years. Private company G45 (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 weaknesses)

_____ was the first state prenitentiary opened in Britain in ___.

Milbank, in 1816. (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 aims)

Between ____ and ___, government funding fell by __%, causing a __% decline in the number of prison officers,

2010-18, fell by 16%, 15% decline. (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 funding weaknesses)

What proportion of prison officers now have less than 2 years expeience due to the cuts?

1/3 (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 funding weaknesses)

£_____ was spent on the prison system in 2022/3

£6.9 billion (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 fundingweaknesses)

There are ___ prisons in total - ___ run by government and __ run by private companies.

123 - 109 normal and 14 private (relevant to Prison service 3.1 and 3.4 working practices)

The prison service has ___ forces - __ in England and __ in Wales.

43 - 39 in England and 4 in Wales (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 reach and working practices)

The comprehensive police training programme is __ years long.

2 years long (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 working practices)

PACE Act of ____ gives powers of ___.

Act of 1984 gives powers. of stop and search, arrest, detain and interview. (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 aims and objectives)

Funding for the police comes from ______.

Central government, local council tax and charging for services eg. policing football matches. (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 funding)

In 2018-19 the police cost £___.

£12.3 billion. (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 funding)

The budget cuts in 2010 meant that police funding dropped by __%, leading to ____ less officers.

Dropped by 19%, leading to 20,000 less. (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 funding)

In 2019, there were ___ police officers in England and Wales.

122,000 (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 funding)

The Metropolitan police was established in ___ by ___.

1829 by Sir Robert Peel (relevant to police service 3.1 and 3.4 philosophy)

__% of the judiciary are white and ___% are male.

~90% white, ~65% male. (relevant to judiciary 3.1 and 3.4)

In 2017, ____ prison sentences were referred to the Unduly Lenient Sentences Scheme and ___ were increased.

173, 137 (relevant to judiciary 3.1 and 3.4 weaknesses)

The Judiciary includes over ___ Court Judges who have sworn the ___ to the Crown.

3000 judges, sworn the Oath of Allegience. (relevant to judiciary 3.1 and 3.4 role)

In _, (who) conducted research identifyign that many good lawyers are put off the judiciary due to the salary.

2007, Dame Hazel Glenn (relevant to judiciary 3.1 and 3.4 funding weaknesses)

THe judiciary salary ranges from around £__ to £__ but can be much more.

From £110,000 to £257,000. (relevant to judiciary 3.1 and 3.4 funding)

What proportion of rape and attempted rape cases are reported?

~1/4 (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: unreported crime)

How many domestic abuse cases occured in 2019-20, but how many were actually recorded by the police?

~2.3 million, but only 759,000 recorded. (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: unreported crime)

On average, only __% of crimes are reported.

40% (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: unreported crime)

A right wing terrorist who massacred __ muslims in mosques in Christchurch in ___ was able to livestream his crimes on social media

massacred 51 in 2019 (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: existing laws)

Germany changed their law in ___ so social media now have to remove hate speech, fake news, illegal material etc. or face fines of up to ___ euros.

In 2017, up to 50 million euros. (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: existing laws)

Sun newspaper in ___ said that what proportion fo those who won against the UK at European Court of Human Rights are terrorists, prisoners of criminals etc. , and are using which act to avoid deportation from the UK?

in 2015, 1/3 of them are doing so and using the Human Rights Act 1998. (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: existing laws)

Saunders, the head of the CPS in ___ explained how one rape case where they met on Tinder took ___ police hours to go through the digital material.

In 2018, took 600 hours. (relevant to 3.2 gaps in state provision: new tech)

Punishments in prison are time limited, eg. cellular confinement can only lasy up to __ days.

35 days. (relevant to 3.2 institutional tactics: prison service)

Gated lanes can cost from £___ to £___ per gate.

From £800-£4000. (relevant to 3.2 environmental design weaknesses)

Alice Coleman built on the CPTED idea, and the results of her experiment was a __% reduction in crime in ____ Estate in London.

50% reduction in Lisson Green Estate in West London (relevant to 3.2 environmental design)

Oscar Newman's development of defensible spaces comes down to four points: ...

Territoriality, natural surveillance, a safe image and safe location. (relevant to 3.2 environmental design)

Breaching an ASBO was a criminal offence and could result in up to 5 years in prison. This was introduced in the ___ Act in ___.

5 years in prison. Crime and Disorder Act 1998. (relevant to 3.2 behavioural tactics)

Between ___ and ___, ASBOs were issued to around ___ people, but __% bereached their conditions and ____ were breached repeatedly.

(ASBO = anti-social behaviour disorders) 2000-2013, ~24,000 people, but 58% breached and 10,000 breached repeatedly. (relevant to 3.2 behavioural tactics)

ASBOs were replaced by ___ and ___.

CBOs (criminal behaviour disorders) and Injunctions. (relevant to 3.2 behavioural tactics)

In Hobbs and Holt study, of ___ boys aged ___ in ____, found that behaviour change lasted throughout the __ month period.

125 boys aged 12-15 in Alabama Correctional Facility, 14 month period. (relevant to 3.2 behavioural tactics - token economies)

In ___, recidivism rate of __% regarding all offenders given a warning fine, sentence and those recently released.

2019, 28% (relevant to 3.3 repeat offending)

On average, those who reoffend commit a further __ offences each, and this rate has been steadily rising since ___.

Further 4 offences, rising since 2009. (relevant to 3.3 repeat offending)

Reoffending rate of those released from prison is __% and __% for those with sentences under 12 months.

Is 36% and 64% for those with sentences uner 12 months. (relevant to 3.3 repeat offending)

Prison population today is ~____, which is almost double that of ____, when it was ___.

~86,000, almost double 1993 which was 44,200. (relevant to 3.3 rising prison population)

In , sentences for indictable offences are ~ months longer than __ years ago.

In 2018, ~26 months longer than 10 years ago. (relevant to 3.3 rising prison population)

Average minimum sentence for murder has increased from __ years in ___ to __ in ___.

12.5 years in 2003 to 21.3 years in 2016. (relevant to 3.3 rising prison population)

the annual total economic and social cost of reoffending is around £_____.

~£18.1 million (relevant to 3.3 rising prison population)

___% of women in prisons in Scotland had brain disorder - domestic abuse.

90%. (relevant to 3.3 rising prison population)

In ___, __% of offenders with over __ convictions reoffended.

In 2018, 47.5% of offenders with over 10 convictions. (relevant to 3.3 rising prison population)

Stansted 15 case convictions were quashed by __ in __.

By Court of Appeal in 2021. (relevant to 3.3 crime committed by those with moral imperatives)

___% of prisoners assessed of having literacy levels of an __ year old.

62% of 11 year old (relevant to 3.3 access to resources and support)

Discharge grant has remained at £__ since ___.

$47 since 1997. (relevant to 3.3 access to resources and support)

what proportion of all prison releases happen on a Friday?

1/3 (relevant to 3.3 access to resources and support)

Rape cases take around ___ days to solve.

~129 days. (relevant to 3.3 finance)

In ___ vs ____, the MET police dropped ___x as many cases on the day they were reported.

2018-2013, dropped 2.9x as many. (relevant to 3.3 finance)

In London in ___, they had a _ week gun anmesty in which, ___ firearms and _____ rounds of ammunition were handed in.

in 2017, 2 week, 350 firearms and 40,000 rounds. (relevant to 3.3 national and government policies)

Offenders are less likely to reoffend if they live with their immediate family on release, but only __% do so. Which charity is this stat from and what year?

Only 61% do so. From the Prison Reform Trust stats from 2016. (relevant to 3.3 environment)