Chap 5.2: Digestive system ( vocabulary)

Absorption - sự hấp thụ

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

amino acids

small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested

Amylase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

anus - hậu môn

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

Appendix - ruột thừa

blind pouch hanging from the cecum

Bile - mật

a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Bilirubin

pigment released by the liver in bile

bowel

intestine

canine teeth - răng nanh

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

cecum -manh trành

first part of the large intestine

Colon - đại tràng

portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

common bile duct (CBD) - ống dẫn mật

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.

defecation - đại tiện

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

deglutition - nuốt

swallowing

Dentin - ngà răng

Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

duodenum - tá tràng

first part of the small intestine, 12 inches long

elimination - loại bỏ

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

emulsification - sự nhũ hoá

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

enamel - men răng

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Enzyme

chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances

Esophagus

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

fatty acids

Substances produced when fats are digested. Fatty acids are a category of lipids.

feces

solid wastes; stool

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Glycogen

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

hydrochloric acid

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

ileum - hồi tràng

third part of the small intestine

Incisor - răng cửa

any one of four front teeth in the dental arch

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics.

jejunum - hỗng tràng

second part of the small intestine

Lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

liver

A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

lower esophageal sphincter (LES) - cơ vòng thực quản dưới

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter.

Mastication - nhai

chewing

molar teeth - răng hàm

sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth

palate - vòm miệng

roof of the mouth

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

papillae - nhú nhỏ trên lưỡi

Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation.

parotid gland - tuyến mang tai

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear