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Absorption - sự hấp thụ
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested
Amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
anus - hậu môn
terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
Appendix - ruột thừa
blind pouch hanging from the cecum
Bile - mật
a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Bilirubin
pigment released by the liver in bile
bowel
intestine
canine teeth - răng nanh
pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth
cecum -manh trành
first part of the large intestine
Colon - đại tràng
portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
common bile duct (CBD) - ống dẫn mật
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.
defecation - đại tiện
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
deglutition - nuốt
swallowing
Dentin - ngà răng
Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
duodenum - tá tràng
first part of the small intestine, 12 inches long
elimination - loại bỏ
act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces
emulsification - sự nhũ hoá
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat
enamel - men răng
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
Enzyme
chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
Esophagus
Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
fatty acids
Substances produced when fats are digested. Fatty acids are a category of lipids.
feces
solid wastes; stool
Gallbladder
A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Glycogen
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
ileum - hồi tràng
third part of the small intestine
Incisor - răng cửa
any one of four front teeth in the dental arch
Insulin
A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics.
jejunum - hỗng tràng
second part of the small intestine
Lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
liver
A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) - cơ vòng thực quản dưới
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter.
Mastication - nhai
chewing
molar teeth - răng hàm
sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth
palate - vòm miệng
roof of the mouth
Pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
papillae - nhú nhỏ trên lưỡi
Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation.
parotid gland - tuyến mang tai
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear