VM 581 CR III Midterm

A castrated male goat

Wether

The act of determining where a cancer is located and whether or not it has spread.

Staging

Surgical procedure to create an incision into the urinary bladder for visual inspection, stone retrieval, or mass removal

Cystotomy

What does the abbreviation PCR stand for when referring to DNA identification and multiplication?

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abnormally high blood potassium, which can result from a urinary obstruction

Hyperkalemia

Abbreviation for bacterial colonization of portions of the urinary tract that are normally sterile 

UTI

Straining to urinate

Stranguria

Frequent urination (small volumes)

Pollakiuria

Surgical procedure to create a connection between the urinary bladder and the skin; used to drain urine in patients with obstructed outflow

Tube cystotomy

The act of describing the appearance of cancer cells in tissue in order to predict risk of recurrence and/or metastasis.

Grading

Where do dysuria and pollakiuria localize?

Lower urinary tract

T/F: Absence of bacteria on a urinalysis effectively rules OUT a urinary tract infection.

False

Gold standard urine collection method for urinalysis

Cystocentesis

What is the most common cause of dysuria and pollakiuria in dogs?

Bacterial UTI

What is the most common cause of dysuria and pollakiuria in cats?

Idiopathic - FIC/FLUTD

What is MIC?

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration: the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that inhibits visible growth of a microorganisms

Lady weights 11.4kg, Amoxicillin dose range is 11-22mg/kg Q8-12 for 5 days, there are 100mg and 200mg tablets, if you select Q8 dosing, what size and quantity of tablet will you dispense?

200mg, #15 tablets

What is the most common organisms causing UTIs in dogs and cats?

Fecal flora and skin contaminants

A recurrent UTI is _____ or more infections within ____ months

3

12

Which of the following antibiotics do NOT concentrate well in urine?

A. Penicillins

B. Aminoglycosides

C. Chloramphenicols

D. Macrolides

E. Fluoroquinolones

D.

Which antibiotic should be reserved for resistant UTIs, prostatic disease and/or pyelonephritis?

Fluoroquinolones (Enrofloxacin)

Which antibiotic is effective as a first line of treatment for sporadic cystitis bacterial agents?

Amoxicillin

Early castration in male goats increases the risk of obstructive urolithiasis primarily due to which effect?

Reduced testosterone leading to decreased urethral diameter

What are the most common parasites in adult goats?

A. Haemonchus Contortus

B. Coccidia

C. Fasciola Hepatica

D. Dictyoculus

A.

What is polioencephalomalacia?

A. A polio virus

B. A clostridial sp

C. Thiamine deficiency

C.

What type(s) of urolith is/are least common in goats?

A. Amorphous magnesium-calcium-phosphate

B. Amorphous magnesium-calcium-phosphate + struvite

C. Calcium carbonate

D. Silicates

D.

Which of the following findings is most consistent with a diagnosis of uroabdomen?

A. Peritoneal fluid creatinine equal to serum creatinine
B. Peritoneal fluid urea lower than serum urea
C. Peritoneal fluid creatinine ≥ 2× serum creatinine
D. Increased peritoneal fluid glucose compared to blood

C.

Potassium levels are key to identifying if diuresis is needed. This is important because, hyperkalemia puts the animal at risk of what complication?

Fatal arrythmias

Which ultrasonographic finding is most consistent with hydronephrosis?

A. Hyperechoic renal cortex with acoustic shadowing
B. Reduced corticomedullary distinction
C. Dilated renal pelvis with hypoechoic fluid
D. Irregular renal capsule with perinephric fat inflammation

C.

Which of the following venous blood gas (VBG) findings would you NOT expect in a patient with urinary obstruction?

A. Azotemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypoglycemia

D.

What sedation drug should be avoided in an animal with urinary obstruction?

Alpha 2 agonists can cause an increase in urine production

What is the gold standard surgical treatment of choice for a goat with urinary obstruction?

Tube cystotomy

Intermittent administration of ammonium chloride is most appropriate in which of the following situations?

A. Management of uroliths that are soluble in acidic urine

B. Prevention of calcium carbonate urolith formation

C. Long-term maintenance therapy in all obstructed ruminants

D. Management of uroliths that are soluble in alkaline urine

A.

Diets high in __________ have an inappropriate __________ ratio which puts goats at higher risk for developing stones

grain/legumes

calcium/phosphorus

Which calcium to phosphorus ratio is most appropriate to help prevent urolith formation in herbivores?

A. 1:1
B. 1:2
C. 2:1
D. 4:1

C

Pelleted and grain-based diets increase the risk of urolith formation primarily because they:

Lack the proper calcium:phosphorus proportions, decrease saliva formation, increasing phosphorus excretion in urine

Which forage is most associated with calcium-based urolith formation due to high calcium content?

Alfalfa hay or clover pastures

Castration at approximately what age is most associated with increased risk of urolith obstruction in goats?

< 6 months

Most common type of urolith in horses

Calcium carbonate

A 3-year-old male castrated goat is presented for acute onset dysuria and progressive ventral swelling. On physical examination, the prepuce is markedly swollen that is firm on palpation. The goat is straining to urinate, and the tail is held elevated. Urine dribbling is minimal to absent.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Preputial abscess
B. Cystitis
C. Bladder rupture
D. Urethral rupture

D.

In small animal and large animal emergency medicine, potassium levels that warrant immediate treatment are generally:

> 6.5 mEq/L

Which of the following treatments for hyperkalemia can help correct the severe acidosis in a patient with urinary obstruction?

A. IVF therapy with LRS

B. Dextrose 2.5%

C. Sodium bicarbonate

D. IVF therapy with 0.9% NaCL

C.

What structure in small ruminants makes it difficult to catheterize? What about in pigs?

• Small ruminants: urethral diverticulum

• Pigs: preputial diverticulum

T/F: Urethral process amputation in goats in a permanent treatment for obstructive urotliths

False

Surgical treatment for uroliths where the uretha is incised in order to relieve the obstruction

Urethrotomy

Surgical treatment for urolithiasis in which the bladder is sutured to the body wall and a permanent stoma is created, allowing urine to drain directly to the exterior while bypassing the urethra

Marsupialization

Surgical treatment for urolithiasis where the urethra is transected in the perineal region and masupialized to the skin, allowing urine to exit through a new opening, losing use of normal anatomy

Perineal urethrostomy

T/F: Hydropulsion of uroliths is an appropriate treatment option for urolith obstruction in goats

False - retrograde can oush into urethral recess

A 12-year-old gelding is presented for straining to urinate and frequent attempts with minimal output over the past week. On physical exam:

• Large, firm bladder palpable per rectum

• Mild hindlimb weakness, otherwise neurologically normal

• No signs of systemic infection

Ultrasound shows sediment in the bladder.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Cystolithiasis
B. Idiopathic urinary incontinence
C. Sabulous cystitis
D. Urethral obstruction due to urolith

C. — Calcium carbonate sediment due to inadequate emptying 

Which of the following breeds is predisposed to urolith formation and obstruction?

A. Boer

B. Pygmy

C. Nubian

D. Alpine

B.

Prevention methods for urolith formation in goats

• Increase water intake

• Ammonium chloride to acidify urine

• Free choice feeding

• Delay castration

• Breed predisposition

Which of the following would least likely be indicative of urolith obstruction in goats?

A. Hematuria
B. Bruxism
C. Crystals on prepuce hair
D. Colic
E. All of the above are indicative

E.