apush unit 7-10

Albany congress

Albany congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies and planned to ally with Iroquois. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Ohio valley

Region that was disputed by British, French and Indians; Indian tribes lived in the valley while France claimed it as territory and English settlement was expanding into it; tension eventually caused war to begin.

why did the French want the Ohio valley

To link their Canadian holdings to those of the lower Mississippi valley, transport fur to New Orleans

seven years' war

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Washington in French and Indian war

young gw 1754 was defeated at the battle of fort necessity. came from a wealthy VA family. had 160 men got beat and retreated. he gained valuable leadership/commander experience that he would use in the war of independence

william pitt

"Great Commoner", "Organizer of Victory"; leader in London government who rose to prominence during the French and Indian War with his battle tactics of targeting quebec/montreal that helped the British beat the French

battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.3

general Wolfe

commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France

first victory of French and Indian war

louisburg under William pitt

3 effects of the French and Indian war

friction between British officers and colonial army (saw them as amateurs/'boors'), more colonial unity, animosity between natives and colonists that led to proclamation of 1763

what was post-french and Indian war disunity caused by

geography, religion, government, class difference

pontiac's rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Paxton boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

effects of proclamation of 1763

Alarmed colonists saw it as a limit on their freedom of movement. They also feared that the large number of British might be used to interfere with their liberties. Colonists also wanted to occupy the farm and fur trapping lands west of the Appalachian Mountains bc farmers need more land due to mercantilist policies. A feeling of distrust began to grow between Britain and its American colonies as they flouted British rule more daringly

salutary neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

original goal of american colonists

natural rights of the enlightenment, don't want to pay off the war

2 trends in the mid 18th century that impacted colonists

whigs and republicanism

what justified the control and power of Britain and allowed them to veto any US legislation as well as US economic dependence on them

mercantilism

George grenville

Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America, had smugglers tried in British courts

stamp act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue to pay off the military funds from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

why was there so much outrage about the stamp act

because it affected the wealthy people and lawyers in charge of print, actually literate people

stamp act congress

group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent and didn't allow British imports

sons and daughters of liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British. tar and feather 4 life

declatory act

1766: , after parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", but the Americans paid little attention to this.

Townshend acts

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea, suspended NY legislature and added quartering acts

Massachusetts effects of Townshend acts

Britain sent redcoats to mass bc of the intense smuggling in the Boston port

Boston massacre of 1770

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.
<b>Historical Significance:</b>
Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

lord north

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

committees of correspondence 1772

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

why did the Americans hate the British East India Company even though it gave them lower prices and taxes on tea

the principle of the matter, they didn't want to be confined to just British trade and be controlled. it also undermined colonial Massachusetts

Boston tea party

most notorious example of the rioting/boycotts that occurred at all ports after the BEIC monopoly, 1773

tea act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

coercive acts (3) 1774

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance, banning town meetings. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

Quebec act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

continental congress

A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts and united to support Boston while in Philly. They declared independence in July 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation.

what 2 events in 1774-76 caused the conflict to become more warlike

Americans try to take Canada from Brits and the brits hire Hessians

Lexington and Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

common sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

republican aspects of the colonies (3)

NE practices of town meetings, equality of landowning farmers, democracy in local elections

second continental congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

inflation in the colonies

Inflation became a growing problem in New England, but it exploded during King George's War (1743-1748). To finance the conflict, New England's colonies again resorted to huge issues of paper currency.

continental currency

when Congress needed money for financing the war, they turned to the idea of printing more paper money, which was done by printing presses in many states, but the high inflation caused the money to be worthless.

dunmore proclamation

Promised freedom to any runaway slave who joined British army. Many slaves 1) were sold 2) were abducted 3) ran away of own free will

true or false: in the French and Indian war, the battle of Quebec ranks as one of the most significant engagements in history because this first significant British victory would lead to the treaty of Paris which would vindicate prime minister Pitt's concentrated war effort

true

true or false: British government of the North American colonies was characterized by mismanagement, the political philosophy of virtual rep, the alienation of elites with the stamp act, the alienation of consumers in the Townshend duties, and the angering of natural rights advocates through their coercive acts and Quebec act

true

hessians

German soldiers hired by George III in 1776 to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

a 1776 battles in New Jersey in which George Washington's troops crossed the Delaware River and captured a Hessian (German mercenaries fighting for the British) encampment; Then Washington moves to the next city and takes British by surprise; Continental Army win both battles; gave soldiers confidence

argument of Declaration of Independence

- Self-evident truths: all human beings are created equal, they are endowed with these rights, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

- Grievances: Show that there is a violation of rights by King George

- Conclusion: Colonies have a right to be doing this and they are establishing their independence

how did colonists convince towns to join the revolution despite British military presence

the British military could only control areas where it could keep a military, whenever they eventually had to move the colonists came in and 'politically educated' the town

despite being anglican aristocrats (as the majority of loyalists were), why was Virginia primarily patriotic?

they had a lot of debt and didn't want to pay

3 reasons why New England was so patriotic

self government, weak mercantilism, presbyterian/Congregational church

center of British operations and why

New York bc seaport and money

general Burgoyne

a British general, captured Fort Ticonderoga, surrendered at the Battle of Saratoga

battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. 1777

valley forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

why did the French want to sponsor the Americans (2)

take away the most powerful of the British possessions and regain world power status after the seven years war

issues in US 1780-81

inflation, bankrupt government, mutiny/disunity

advantages of British

Well-trained/ well-supplied army and navy,wealthy nation with substantial resources, strong centeral government, mercenaries (!!!)

advantages of colonies

The Colonists were fighting on their own home turf, were motivated, good generals such as George Washington

bunker hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

3 social changes post revolution

loyalist aristocrats are leaving = social classes are more united, no more primogeniture, property requirements for voting are lessened

treaty of fort stanwix

(1784) Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

land ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.

articles of confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

strengths of articles of confederation (3)

- Congress power to make peace, money, appoint army off., post office, deal indian affairs
- sense of union
- creation of central authority

northwest ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

shays rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

constitutional convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

virginia plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

New Jersey plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.

great compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

electoral college

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

2 main republican ideals

limited power of the government and virtue of the people

3/5s compromise

This compromise said that slaves count both as 3/5 of a person when counting population for representatives and for taxation. This was based on saying that a slave worked only 3/5 as well as a free worker.

differences between federalists and anti federalists

The Federalists supported the Constitution and wanted a stronger national government., they were typically wealthy people who could control the press The Antifederalists opposed the Constitution because they wanted more power to remain with the states, mostly people from the backcountry who were poorer debtor farmers.

federalist papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail, swayed NY to Federalist

slave trade abolished

1807, said it would be '20 years' after the constitutional convention

constitutional convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

which precedents did George Washington set

farewell address, two term presidency, appointing of cabinet members

judiciary act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

bill of rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution written by James Madison, appeased anti-federalists

assumption plan

This was Alexander Hamilton's plan for the federal government to assume to states' debts from the Revolutionary War. It was coupled with his desire to create a national bank and both would serve to strengthen the federal government with regard to the states.

opposition to the assumption plan

states believed they'd be more under control by the government and it would have too much power

2 changes caused by hamiilton's treasury

high excises/taxes and protection of american industries against foreign competition

arguments for/against the national bank

for: makes a healthy economy and stronger government
against: government doesn't have the power to (according to the strict interpretation) and it favored creditors over debtors

who did the jeffersonian republicans advocate for

agrarian farmers, debtors

who did the federalists advocate for

wealthy creditors in New England

elastic cause

authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers

first party system

Began in 1792. The federalist party and its opposing republican party competed for control of the presidency. Republican party was made because people saw the federalists as gaining too much power.

why were the federalists pro England

depended on their business and didn't want to ally with France bc they were too violent

whiskey rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

neutrality proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution

Judith sergeant Murray

an early American advocate for women's rights, an essayist, playwright, poet, and letter writer. She was one of the first American proponents of the idea of the equality of the sexes—that women, like men, had the capability of intellectual accomplishment and should be able to achieve economic independence.

impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

jay treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Pinckney treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

farewell address (3)

Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

specie

the money paid by spectators for bonds at much less than the go value