READING 2: LANGUAGE LEARNING IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

What did Brown longitudinal study consit of

14 grammatical morphemes that were acquired in a similar sequence, in older to master the last, the first one were necessary so it was a developmental sequence, but not at the same age

Jill and Peter de Villes cross sectional study

Sarah, Eve and Adam different ages but the order was very similar. The reasons for similar order may include frequency in the morphemes, number of factors, parents speech and cognitive complexity

how many stages are there of negation?

4 stages

stage 1 of negation

no alone and the first word

stage 2 of negation

subject, negative before the verb and rejection or pohibition begins to be expressed with the word ‘don’tstag

stage 3 of negation

complex sentence ‘no’ ‘can’t ‘don’t there is no variation in person and tenses and the negative begins to be attached to the auxiliary or the modals

stage 4 of negation

negative to correct ‘do’ be, difficulty with features of double negatives

first wh-question

what learnt as a chunk

second wh-question

where, who, vero soon to locate peoople and objects, this tends to be asked by adults

third wh-question

why, end of 2nd year, favourite to engage in conversation, beginning of the sentence

how/when

understanding manner and time, cognitive demanding, cognitive developmenth

how many stages are of yes/no questions?

6 stages

stage 1 yes/no questions

single, 2-3 words, intonation chunkss

stage 2 yes/no questions

word order of a declarative sentence but with intonation and chunk-learned forms

stage 3 of yes/no questions

they notice that the structure is different so they use fronting, putting the verb at the beginnings

stage 4 of yes/no question

subject-auxiliary inversion, ‘do, inversion wh-no `both only formulaic as what’s that

stage 5 of yes/no question

whoyes no correctly, negative questions continue to be difficult as well as the embedded questions

stage 6 yes/no questions

correctly questions types, not uninterrumped

when do kids begin to learn how and why language varies?

in the late pre-school yearsw

what is metalinguistic awareness? and when is this achieved?

the pre-school years, ability to treat language separate from the meaning it conveys ‘cake me eat’ ‘drink me that’ a 5 year old will distinguish this

who is the main proponent of the behaviourist perspective

B.F Skinner

appart from repetition what is important according to behaviourism?

quality, quantity and reinforcement

what are the primary process of behaviourism?

imitation and practice

difference between imitation and practice

imitation is a word-for-word repetition that is not done randmonly when the words begin to appear in the speech and once they are consolidated they stop. Then practice is imitating as a foreign language student that remembers what has been taught, new things so the things practiced are selected

what is the term that applis to the behaviorist theory patterns of language in relation to word formation

overgeneralization ‘doc’ as a verb from the noun ‘doctor’

main proponent of the innatist perspective

Chomsky

who believes in an specific area of the brain to develop language?

Noam Chomsky, innatist perspective

according to the innatist perspective, what is the UG grammar

discover themselves underlying rules of language with this innate abilities

Lydia White in innatist perspective

example of ‘himself’ would be very difficult to memorise it by imitating or practising all the sentences in the input

one difference in which chomsky differs from piaget

he believes language is separated from other aspects of cognitive development and believes it depends on an specific module of the brain

how is the CPH linked to Chomsky?

he believed that animals and humans were genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skills at specific times in lifew

what did Elisa Newport (1990) said about CPH

deaf users of ASL - American sign language, grammatical markers were mostly used by native signers so the critical period is oral but also gestual

according to interactionist what is one of the problems in contrast to their developmental perspective?

innatist place too much emphasis on the final state

what is the interplay for interactionist?

the interplay between innate learning ability and enviroment more than innatist

acccording to Dan Slobin (1973) there is a relationship between

cognitive development and acquisition of language

what three things measured Piaget?

object performance, stability of quantities, logical inferencing

what is object perfomance for Piaget?

hidden things continue to be there

what is stability of quantities for Piaget?

regardless changes inthe line the quantity is still the samel

logical inferencing for Piaget

properties but stilll the same thing

for Piaget, what is alnguage?

a symbol of systems developed in childhood that can be used to represent the knowledge children have developed through physical interaction

For vygotsky the interaction is between

children and adults and language develops from social interaction

what is the ZPD

is a metaphoricla place, the possible to do more than actually do in these conversation we have the development of language and thought

in which theory does the cultural research is placed?

interactionist

Dan Slobin works for

CHILDES, Child laguage Data Exchange system

What is the contribution of catherine snow with North American children?

CDS and Recast

Example of Jacqueline Sadis with the importance of interacction

the child and the interlocutor Jim and his brother, more important one-to one interaction that TV

how does connectionism differ from chomsky?

language acquisition does not depend on an specific module of the brain but of learning in general, what they need to know is in the language they are exposed to

Jeoffrey Elman in connectionism

language acquisition depends on links and connections, the words and phrases in situations they can occur

for conentionist the process should be associated

words with external reality, words with other words phrases, words with gtammatical morphemes that occur with them

for connectionists, does learning take place instantly or gradually?

gradually