Paper 1 definitions + AO1

Interactional synchrony

Infant will briefly mirror social behaviours (emotional and actional) of the caregiver simultaneously (Feldman ‘temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviours’)

Reciprocity

‘Turn-taking’ behaviour, wherein caregivers and infants respond to the other’s behaviours (infant reaches out, parent picks up - infant babbles, parent speaks back)

Schaffer’s stages, in order

asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple

Asocial stage

Infant is equally interested in human and inanimate stimulus, does prefer familiar adults

Indiscriminate stage

Infant is equally receptive and interested in all human interaction, does recognise and prefer familiar adults

Specific stage

Infant has formed a primary attachment, and will exhibit separation and stranger anxiety

Multiple stage

Infant has formed secondary attachments to other prominent figures, and responds well to those they recognise

Attachment

An emotional bond, reciprocal between both participants, and enduring over time - both perceive the other as essential to their emotional security

Caregivers have a likelihood of responding to reciprocity, … of the time

2/3

Alert phases

Periods when the infant signals that they are more receptive to caregiver-infant interaction (usually around 3 months)

Active involvement

The concept that infants have an active role in initiating attachment behaviours and communication.

Why are men incapable of forming attachments, physiologically and emotionally?

Oestrogen underlies caring behaviour, mother typically is responsible for nourishing the infant - cultural stereotypes deter men from nurturing - insufficient paternal leave means they spend less quality time - they are less sensitive to infant cues

Why may men provide an alternative role to caregiver, in attachment?

Father foster problem solving and challenge infants by being less responsive (complimentary parenting roles) - fathers are more physically active - Grossman found paternal absence had little effect, BUT more high-quality play was associated with better adolescent attachments

How do men show sensitive responsiveness?

Field’s observation showed men capably interacting (smiling, reciprocating, synchronising) with infants, when given the time and opportunity to be a primary attachment figure

Imprinting

Critical period

Sexual imprinting

Contact comfort

Stranger anxiety

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Secondary drive

Drive reduction

Cupboard love

Social releasers

Critical/ sensitive period

Monotropy

Law of continuity

Law of accumulated separation

Innate

Maternal deprivation

Maternal separation

Adaptive

Internal working model

Intellectual development

Emotional development

Affectionless psychopathology

Genie Wiley

Separation anxiety

Stranger anxiety

Insecure-avoidant

Secure

Insecure-resistant

Secure base for exploration

Reunion behaviour

Willingness to explore

Child rearing values

Collectivist

Individualist

Intra-cultural

Proportions of attachment types

Disinhibited attachment

Institutionalised care

Undernourishment

Intellectually stunted

What are symptoms of disinhibited attachment?

The love quiz

Parental attachment

Experiences with love

Perspective of love

Bullying potential for insecure-avoidant

Bullying potential for secure

Bullying potential for insecure-resistant

Types of lovers

Fear of intimacy

Normative social influence

Informational social influence

2-process model

Deutch & Gerard

Internalisation

Identification

Compliance

Asch

Asch’s variations

Group size, unanimity, task difficulty

Task difficulty … conformity

More confederates … conformity

One dissenter reduced conformity by …

2 dissenters reduced conformity by …

3 dissenters reduced conformity by …

More than 3 dissenters had … effect

no

Milgram

Obedience

Participants exhibited…

hysterical laughter and shaking

Milgram’s original study was at …

Yale university

Milgram’s variations were…

Touch, proximity, remote instructions, uniform, location

Social role

Zimbardo

Prisoners were dehumanised with…

stocking caps, numbered address, no underwear, prison uniforms

Prison guards were dehumanised with…

reflective sunglasses, guard uniforms, batons

Deindividuation

Situational explanation

\

Adolf Eichmann

Autonomous state

Agentic shift

Agentic state

Binding factors

Moral strain

Displaced responsability