prac test2

Asconoid

CACO3, simple, tube-shaped, line atrium only, small less then 10cm

Synconoid

CACO3, fold, thick,line series of chambers, connected by canals, small less then 10cm

Leucondoid

CACO3 or SIO2, complex, thick, folded, lack a full spongoceol, line lots of channels and chambers, common

Class calcarea

CACO3, spicules rays 1,4,6, spicule axes mon, tri or tetraxons, mostly small, no spongin present, most basal, types all asconoid some synconoid

Class demospongiae

SIO2 speculate rays 1,3,4 spicules mon, tri or tetraxons small to large(2m), type leuconoid, spongin present, most derived

Class hexactinellida

SIO2, spicule rays 6, spicule, triaxon, ave size 10cm-30cm type leuconoid, no spongin present, more derived then cal area

Class Anthozoa

Sub classes hexacorallia, octocorallia, habitat marine, solitary or colonial, polyp form only free living planula larvae

Sub class hexacorallia

2 orders actiniaria(anemones) and secleractinia(hard/stony coral)

Order actiniaria (anemones)

Attached to substrate but pedal disc, not calcified, hermaphrodites or dioecious, asexual, budding, pedal laceration, transverse fission, sexual reporudction

Order scleractinia

Six tentacles or multiple of six, rigid outer skeleton of caco3

Sub class Octocorallia

3 orders, soft coral, sea fans, sea pens, 8 feathery tentacles, fleshy internal skeleton( sclerites) colonial forms only

Staurazoa

All marine, solitary, medusa form only ( creeping planula larvae) one orders stauromedusae

Hydrozoa

Mostly marine, but some fresh water, solitary or colonial, some polyp only, others both stages, 2 sub classes hydroidolina 3 orders and trachylinae

Order anthoathecata

Hydra sp, solitary, polyp only, fresh water, basal/ pedal disc, motile, sexual and asexual

Oder siphonophorae

Physalia physalis, colony of different polyp individuals, dactylozooids defence and prey capture, pneumatophore filled with gas a float, gastrozooids specialised feeding polyps, gonozooids specialised reproductive polyps

Scyphozoa

All marine, solitary, both stages four oral arms to caspture prey, four gastric pouches, rhopalium 2 sub classes coronamedusae, and discomedusae 2 orders semaeostomeae and order rhizostomeae true jelly fish

Order semeaostomeae

Aurelia sp

Order rhizostomeae

Cassiopeia sp

Cubozoa

All marine solitary or colonial, both stages but medusa dominates, cube-shaped, with tentacles arising from each corner, bell opening restricted by velarium rhopalium potential venom 2 order carybdeida 5 families, chirodropida 3 families

Order carybdeida

Family carukiidae, carukia barnesi

Oder chirodropida

Family chirodropidae, chironex fleckeri

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Also known as flatworms, characterized by a flat body shape, bilateral symmetry, and lack of a coelom.

Class Turbellaria

Free-living flatworms, mostly marine, characterized by a soft, ciliated body. They have a developed muscular system, and many exhibit regenerative abilities. Most are hermaphroditic with a simple digestive system.

Subphylum Neodermata

Includes parasitic flatworms, characterized by a tegument (a protective outer layer) and lack of cilia in adults. This subphylum encompasses classes such as Trematoda (flukes) and Cestoda (tapeworms) and is known for complex life cycles involving various hosts.

Class Trematoda

Parasitic flatworms commonly known as flukes, characterized by complex life cycles often involving multiple hosts. They have a flat, leaf-like shape, lack some organ systems, and typically have suckers for attachment to their hosts. Most are hermaphroditic.

Class Cestoda

Parasitic flatworms known as tapeworms, characterized by a long, ribbon-like body composed of segments called proglottids. They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients directly from their host's intestines. Cestodes typically have complex life cycles involving intermediate hosts.

Subclass Cestoda

Includes parasitic flatworms known as tapeworms, characterized by a segmented body (proglottids), and dependency on a host for nutrients. They possess a scolex (head) with hooks and suckers for attachment and lack a digestive system.

Subclass Monogenea

Parasitic flatworms that mainly inhabit the external surfaces of fish. They are characterized by a simple life cycle, typically involving a single host, and possess adhesive organs for attachment to their host. Monogeneans have a similar body plan to Trematoda but are generally smaller and have a more direct life cycle.

Porifera

Sponges classes, Calcarea, demosponglae, hexactinellida.

Cnidaria

Jellyfish, classes, Anthozoa, staurozoa, hydrozoa, cubaozoa, scyphozoa

Platyhelminths

Flat worms, class turbellaraia

Nematodes

Subphylum to platyheminths, classes, trematoda, cercomeromorph

Molluscs

Shell and slugs, classes, polyplacophora, cephalopoda, Gastropoda, bivavia

Annelids

Worms, classes, polychaeta, clitellata, subclasses hirudinea, oligochaeta

Class Polyplacophora

Mollusks known as chitons, characterized by eight overlapping calcareous plates on their dorsal side, a broad foot for locomotion and attachment, and a radula for feeding. They typically inhabit rocky intertidal zones.

Class Cephalopoda

Mollusks characterized by a prominent head, a set of arms or tentacles, and a highly developed nervous system. They include squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish, known for their ability to change color and texture, and for their complex behaviors. Cephalopods have a reduced or absent shell and exhibit advanced locomotion through jet propulsion

Class Gastropoda

Mollusks known as snails and slugs, characterized by a coiled shell (or no shell in slugs), a distinct head with tentacles and eyes, and a muscular foot for locomotion. They exhibit torsion during development, which twists their body, positioning the anus above the head.

Class Bivalvia

Mollusks characterized by a two-part hinged shell, filter-feeding mechanism, and lack of a head. They include clams, oysters, and mussels, primarily adapted for a sedentary lifestyle, often living buried in sediment or attached to surfaces.

Subclass Nautiloidea

A group of cephalopods that includes the nautilus, characterized by a coiled, chambered shell and a body structure similar to ancient cephalopods. Nautiloids have a simple eye structure and are known for their ability to regulate buoyancy using gas-filled chambers in their shell.

Subclass Coleoidea

A group of cephalopods that includes octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish, characterized by a reduced or absent shell, highly developed nervous systems, and complex behaviors. They usually possess arms or tentacles equipped with suckers and are known for their ability to change color and texture.

Cuttlefish

Larger head with prominent well developed eys, black enclosed in buccaneers mass, radula present behind beak, foot modified into siphon and tentacles, in present, mantle large muscular used in locomotion, cattlebone, fins present, arms 8, tentacles 2, jet propulsion and fins

Squid

Larger head with prominent well developed eys, black enclosed in buccaneers mass, radula present behind beak, foot modified into siphon and tentacles, in present, mantle large muscular used in locomotion, gladius/ pe, fins present, arms 8 tentacles 2, jet propulsion and fins

Octopus

Larger head with prominent well developed eys, black enclosed in buccaneers mass, radula present behind beak drilling prey, foot modified into siphon and tentacles, in present, mantle large muscular used in locomotion, shell absent, fins absented arms 8 no tentacles, jet propulsion and arms

Nautilus

Larger head with prominent well developed eys, black enclosed in buccaneers mass, radula present behind beak, foot modified into siphon and tentacles, no ink mantle large muscular used in locomotion, shell external with chambers, fins absent, arms numerous, jet propulsion mantle

Class Gastropoda

Mollusks known as snails and slugs, characterized by a coiled shell (or no shell in slugs), a distinct head with tentacles and eyes, and a muscular foot for locomotion. They exhibit torsion during development, which twists their body, positioning the anus above the head.

Subclass Prosobranchia

A group of primarily marine gastropods characterized by gills located in front of the heart and often a spirally coiled shell. Many possess a closed aperture and operculum, and members include species such as limpets and whelks.

Subclass Opisthobranchia

A group of gastropods characterized by a reduced or absent shell, gills located behind the heart, and often colorful bodies. This subclass includes sea hares and nudibranchs, which exhibit various forms of defense mechanisms, including vibrant coloration and chemical defenses.

Subclass Pulmonata

A group of gastropods adapted to terrestrial environments, characterized by a modified pallial cavity that functions as a lung for breathing air. Members include snails and slugs, which usually have a coiled shell, and they display a wide variety of behaviors and habitats.

Phylum Annelida

Coelomate, segmented worms characterized by a segmented body plan, a true coelom, and a nervous system with a ventral nerve cord. They exhibit a variety of forms, including polychaetes (bristle worms), oligochaetes (earthworms), and leeches, and they have a closed circulatory system.

Class Polychaeta

Segmented worms characterized by parapodia (pair of fleshy protrusions) on each segment, often with bristles (setae). They are primarily marine and exhibit a wide range of forms, feeding strategies, and habitats, including free-living and burrowing species.

Class Clitellata

A group of annelids characterized by the presence of a clitellum (a thickened, glandular section of the body) used for reproduction. This class includes earthworms and leeches, primarily adapted for a terrestrial or freshwater environment, and they exhibit hermaphroditism

Subclass Hirudinea

Characterized by segmented bodies and the absence of parapodia or setae. Members of this subclass, known as leeches, are mostly freshwater or terrestrial and often display a flattened body shape. They are known for their ability to attach to hosts using suckers and may be either predators or ectop

Subclass Oligochaeta

A group of annelids characterized by a segmented body with fewer setae (bristles) per segment compared to polychaetes. They primarily inhabit freshwater and terrestrial environments, exhibit a hermaphroditic reproductive system, and include species such as earthworms, which play important roles in soil aeration and nutrient cycling.

Phylum Arthropoda

The largest phylum in the animal kingdom, characterized by jointed limbs, an exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, and a well-developed nervous system. Arthropods include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods, and they are found in diverse environments.

Subphylum Chelicerata

A group of arthropods characterized by the presence of chelicerae (pincer-like mouthparts), a two-part body segmentation (cephalothorax and abdomen), and lack of antennae. This subphylum includes arachnids such as spiders, scorpions, mites, and horseshoe crabs.

Class Arachnida

A class of chelicerate arthropods characterized by having eight legs, no antennae, and a two-part body structure consisting of a cephalothorax and abdomen. This class includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites, most of which are terrestrial and many of which are predatory.

Order Acarina

A group of arachnids commonly known as mites and ticks, characterized by a small size, a fused body structure (cephalothorax and abdomen combined), and a variety of feeding habits, including parasitism, predation, and detritivory. They inhabit diverse environments and play significant roles in ecosystems.

Suborder Ixodida

A group within the order Acarina that includes hard ticks, characterized by a scutum (shield-like structure) on the dorsum, a distinct mouthpart (capitulum) visible from a dorsal view, and a parasitic lifestyle. Members of this suborder are known to transmit various diseases to hosts, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Suborder Sarcoptiformes

A group within the order Acarina that includes mites, characterized by a rounded body shape and the absence of a scutum. Members of this suborder often have various feeding habits, including detritivory, parasitism, and predation. They are significant in soil ecology and can include species that cause skin conditions in animals and humans.

Suborder Tombidiformes

A group within the order Acarina, characterized by a specialized feeding morphology and adaptations for a predatory lifestyle, often targeting other small arthropods. Members of this suborder are typically found in diverse habitats, including soil and leaf litter.

Order Amblypygi

A group of arachnids known as tailless whip scorpions, characterized by flat bodies, elongated legs, and sensory appendages resembling long whips. They are primarily nocturnal and are found in tropical and subtropical regions, often under rocks and leaf litter, where they hunt small insects.

Order Solifugae

Known as camel spiders or wind scorpions, this order of arachnids is characterized by large, powerful chelicerae and a lack of a venomous sting. They have a distinct, elongated body and long legs, and are primarily found in dry environments, where they are fast-moving predators of insects and other small animals.

Order Opiliones

Also known as harvestmen, this order of arachnids is characterized by a compact body with a fused cephalothorax and abdomen, long legs, and non-venomous mouthparts. They are primarily detritivores, feeding on decomposing organic matter, and are found in a variety of habitats, often in damp environments.

Order Scorpiones

A group of arachnids known as scorpions, characterized by a segmented body, a pair of pincers (chelae), and a long, segmented tail that ends in a venomous stinger. Scorpions are primarily nocturnal predators, feeding on insects and other small animals, and are found in a variety of habitats, including deserts, forests, and grasslands.

Order Araneae

A group of arachnids known as spiders, characterized by eight legs, two main body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen), and specialized mouthparts (fangs) for injecting venom. Spiders produce silk for web-building, prey capture, and shelter, and they exhibit a variety of hunting strategies, including web-spinning and active hunting.

Order Xiphosura

A group of marine arthropods known as horseshoe crabs, characterized by a hard, horseshoe-shaped shell, a long, spiny tail called a telson, and multiple pairs of appendages used for feeding and locomotion. Horseshoe crabs are ancient organisms that have existed for hundreds of millions of years and are important in ecological and biomedical research.

Order Pantopoda

Also known as sea spiders, this order of arthropods is characterized by long legs, a small body, and the ability to inhabit ocean depths. They have a unique feeding mechanism that involves siphoning nutrients from soft-bodied invertebrates and are found in marine environments worldwide, often in cold waters.

Subphylum Crustacea

A diverse group of arthropods characterized by a hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and a body typically divided into a cephalothorax and abdomen. Crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and barnacles, and they inhabit a range of environments from marine to freshwater and terrestrial.

Class Branchiopoda

A group of primarily aquatic crustaceans characterized by leaf-like gills and a body structure often divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen. Branchiopods include small species such as fairy shrimp and water fleas (Daphnia), and they play significant roles in aquatic ecosystems as both grazers and prey.

Class Maxillopoda

A class of crustaceans characterized by small size and diverse forms, including barnacles, copepods, and fish lice. Members typically have a cephalothorax covered by a carapace and may exhibit various feeding strategies, from filter feeding to parasitism.

Subclass Copepoda

A group of small, primarily planktonic crustaceans characterized by a segmented body, long antennae, and a lack of a carapace. Copepods are important components of aquatic ecosystems, serving as both grazers of phytoplankton and as prey for larger animals

Subclass Thecostraca

A group of crustaceans that includes barnacles and related organisms, characterized by a hard, calcareous shell composed of multiple plates. Thecostraca can be sessile or free-living, and they often have adaptations for filter feeding.

Class Malacostraca

A class of crustaceans characterized by a body divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen, and typically possessing a carapace that covers the cephalothorax. This class includes a diverse range of organisms such as crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and krill, known for their ecological and economic importance.

Order Isopoda

A group of crustaceans characterized by a flattened body, seven pairs of walking legs, and a wide range of habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Isopods include pill bugs (roly-polies) and various types of aquatic isopods, which may be scavengers, predators, or parasites.

Order Amphipoda

A group of crustaceans characterized by a laterally compressed body and a distinct head, with various appendages adapted for swimming and burrowing. Amphipods are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and play important roles in aquatic food webs as both grazers and prey.

Order Euphausiacea

A group of small, shrimp-like crustaceans known as krill, characterized by a translucent body and large, compound eyes. Krill are vital members of marine food webs, serving as a primary food source for many marine animals, including whales, seals, and fish.

Order Decapoda

A group of crustaceans characterized by ten limbs (five pairs of walking legs), a hard exoskeleton, and a body divided into a cephalothorax and abdomen. Decapods include familiar species such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimp, and are found in a variety of marine and freshwater environments.

Subphylum Hexapoda

The largest group of arthropods, characterized by having six legs, three main body segments (head, thorax, abdomen), and usually two pairs of wings. This subphylum includes insects, which exhibit a remarkable diversity of forms, habitats, and behaviors.

Class Insecta (Winged)

A class of hexapods characterized by the possession of wings in many species, allowing for flight. Winged insects include a vast diversity of species, such as butterflies, bees, and flies, exhibiting various adaptations for survival and reproduction.

Class Entognatha

A class of six-legged arthropods characterized by the presence of mouthparts that are not protruding (entognathous), comprising primarily small, wingless species. Entognaths include groups such as proturans, diplurans, and springtails, which are typically found in soil or leaf litter and play important roles in decomposition and soil health.

Order Coleoptera

The largest order of insects, commonly known as beetles, characterized by two pair of wings (forewings thickened into elytra and hindwings membranous). They exhibit a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and ecological roles, including herbivores, predators, and decomposers.

Order Odonata

An order of insects that includes dragonflies and damselflies, characterized by large, two pairs of membranous wings, large multifaceted eyes, and an elongated body. Odonates are primarily found near water and are known for their agile flight and predatory behavior as both larvae and adults

Suborder Epiprocta

A suborder within the order Odonata that includes the dragonflies, characterized by their robust bodies, large eyes, and the ability to hold their wings open or flat while at rest. Members of this suborder are typically strong fliers and exhibit a high degree of predatory behavior.

Suborder Zygoptera

A suborder within the order Odonata that includes damselflies, characterized by their slender bodies, large eyes, and wings that are held together above the body when at rest. Damselflies are generally weaker fliers than dragonflies and often inhabit freshwater environments.

Order Orthoptera

An order of insects that includes grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts, characterized by their jumping hind legs, two pairs of wings (if present, the forewings are usually tougher), and a distinctive sound production through stridulation. Members of this order are primarily herbivorous and are found in various habitats, often known for their role in ecosystems as herbivores and as prey for other animals.

Suborder Ensifera

A suborder within the order Orthoptera characterized by long antennae, often surpassing the body length, and includes crickets and bush crickets. Members are known for their sound-producing abilities, typically achieved through stridulation.

Suborder Caelifera

A suborder within the order Orthoptera characterized by short antennae, typically less than the body length, and includes grasshoppers and locusts. Members of this suborder are primarily herbivorous and are known for their powerful hind legs used for jumping.

Order Hemiptera

An order of insects commonly known as true bugs, characterized by their piercing-sucking mouthparts, two pairs of wings (where the front pair is often thickened at the base and membranous at the tips), and a wide variety of feeding habits, including herbivores, predators, and parasites. This order includes aphids, cicadas, and bed bugs.

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha

A suborder within the order Hemiptera that includes insects such as leafhoppers, planthoppers, and sharpshooters. Members of this suborder are characterized by a unique feeding style using their specialized mouthparts to pierce and suck plant sap, and many are important agricultural pests.

Suborder Coleorrhyncha

A suborder within the order Hemiptera, characterized by small, often wingless insects known as moss bugs. Members of this suborder are primarily found in damp habitats and are known for their unique body shape and feeding habits, which involve piercing plant tissues to extract sap.

Suborder Heteroptera

A suborder within the order Hemiptera, commonly known as true bugs. Members are characterized by having the forewings modified into a thicker部分 (hemelytra) and a wide range of feeding habits, including herbivores, predators, and parasites. Common examples include stink bugs, water bugs, and bed bugs.

Suborder Sternorrhyncha

A suborder within the order Hemiptera, characterized by small, typically soft-bodied insects such as aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects. Members of this suborder often have piercing-sucking mouthparts for feeding on plant sap and are important as both agricultural pests and vectors of plant diseases.

Order Lepidoptera

An order of insects that includes butterflies and moths, characterized by two pairs of large, scale-covered wings and a coiled proboscis for feeding on nectar. Members of this order undergo complete metamorphosis and are known for their colorful patterns and important roles in pollination.

Suborder Agathiphaga

A suborder within the order Lepidoptera, consisting of primitive moths known for their unique characteristics, including a more ancestral morphology and behaviors distinct from more advanced moths and butterflies. Members of this suborder are primarily found in tropical regions and are associated with specific plant species.

Suborder Glossata

A suborder within the order Lepidoptera, characterized by the presence of a long, coiled proboscis adapted for feeding on nectar from flowers. Members of this suborder include most butterflies and many moths, which have specialized mouthparts for accessing nectar-rich flowers.

Subclass Heterobathmioidea

A subclass of soft-bodied coelomates known for their unique body structures and ecological roles within marine environments. Members of this subclass are less understood compared to more studied groups and may exhibit diverse feeding and reproductive strategies.

Suborder Micropterigoidea

A suborder within the order Lepidoptera, known for its highly specialized and primitive moths characterized by small size and unique wing structures. Members of this suborder are typically associated with specific habitats and have distinct life cycles and behaviors.

Order Diptera

An order of insects commonly known as true flies, characterized by having a single pair of wings (the forewings) and modified hindwings (halteres) used for balance during flight. Members of this order include mosquitoes, houseflies, and fruit flies, and they are known for their diverse ecological roles, including pollination and serving as pests or disease vectors.

Suborder Nematocera

A suborder within the order Diptera, characterized by long, slender bodies and long antennae. Members include mosquitoes, midges, and craneflies, typically found in moist habitats and known for their larval development in aquatic environments.

Suborder Brachycera

A suborder within the order Diptera, characterized by shorter, more robust bodies and shorter antennae compared to Nematocera. Members include houseflies, horseflies, and tsetse flies, often found in a variety of terrestrial environments and known for their significant roles in ecosystems and as vectors of disease.