apush chapter 12

Antebellum Period

The era in the United States before the Civil War, roughly from 1812 to 1861.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century that led to the growth of new denominations and reform movements.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emerged in the 1830s-1840s, emphasizing individual intuition and the presence of the divine in nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A key figure of the Transcendentalist movement, known for his essays and lectures that championed individuality and nature.

Henry David Thoreau

An American author and naturalist known for his book 'Walden' and his advocacy for civil disobedience.

Moral Suasion

The use of moral arguments to persuade individuals or society to change their behaviors, commonly used in abolitionism.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery and the slave trade, which gained momentum in the antebellum period.

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a prominent activist, author, and speaker advocating for abolition and civil rights.

Sojourner Truth

An African American abolitionist and women's rights activist, famous for her speech 'Ain't I a Woman?'

Women's Suffrage Movement

The movement aiming to secure women's right to vote, gaining significant attention in the antebellum period.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, where the 'Declaration of Sentiments' was adopted.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement and co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist who founded 'The Liberator,' an anti-slavery newspaper.

The Liberator

An influential abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, advocating for immediate emancipation.

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages, gaining popularity in the antebellum period.

Holidays and Festivals

Celebratory occasions that became more popular in antebellum America, reflecting local culture and community values.

Education Reform

Efforts in the antebellum period to expand public education and improve educational access for children.

Horace Mann

An advocate for public school reform, known as the 'Father of the American Public School System.'

The Common School Movement

A movement during the 19th century that aimed for the establishment of publicly funded schools.

Art and Literature

Reflected the themes of nationalism, romanticism, and social reform during the antebellum period.

American Romanticism

A literary and artistic movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism that arose in the early 1800s.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

An American novelist and short story writer known for works like 'The Scarlet Letter'.

Walt Whitman

A poet known for his collection 'Leaves of Grass,' celebrating individuality and humanity.

Louisa May Alcott

An author best known for her novel 'Little Women,' which explores issues of gender and family.

Public Libraries

Institutions that expanded during the antebellum period, promoting literacy and access to knowledge.

Utopian Communities

Experimental communities aiming to create a perfect society, such as the Oneida and Shaker communities.

Social Reform Movements

Various movements, including abolition, women's rights, and temperance, aiming to improve society.

Transcendental Club

A group of New England intellectuals who met to discuss philosophical topics, including transcendentalism.

Brook Farm

A utopian community founded in 1841 that sought to combine labor and leisure.

Shaker Communities

Religious sects known for their simple living, communal lifestyle, and celibacy.

Amelia Bloomer

A women's rights advocate known for popularizing bloomers, a type of women’s clothing.

Sisters of Charity

An early charitable organization founded to provide education and care for the poor.

Henry Ward Beecher

A prominent preacher and abolitionist who advocated for social reforms, including education and women's rights.

Millennialism

The belief in a coming age of peace and righteousness, common in the Second Great Awakening.

Transcendentalism's Impact

Influenced social reform movements, including abolition and women's rights.

Art in the Antebellum Period

Reflected societal values and the American landscape, often portraying themes of nationalism.

Cultural Nationalism

A belief in promoting the cultural identity of America, distinct from European influences.

The American Renaissance

A period of American literature and arts flourishing in the 1830s-1860s.

Thomas Dew

A Virginia educator who advocated for the defense of slavery through social and political arguments.

The South's Justification for Slavery

Arguments centered on economic necessity and racial superiority used to defend the institution of slavery.

Impact of Railroads

The expansion of railroads increased trade and facilitated westward expansion.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Wild West Shows

Traveling shows that portrayed the American West, emphasizing themes of frontier life and adventure.

Catherine Beecher

An advocate for women's education and the role of women in the home and education system.

Prison Reform

Efforts to improve conditions in prisons and promote rehabilitation over punishment.

Asylum Reform

Movement to improve the treatment of the mentally ill and establish specialized institutions.