Pharmacotherapy quiz 2

Conjugated Estrogens

Conjugated Estrogens

Brand: Premarin

Class: Estrogen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring estrogen, it comes from horses. Bind to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. Reduces pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), through a negative-feedback mechanism.

Estradiol oral

Brand: Estrace

Class: Estrogen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring estrogen

Estradiol patch

Brand: Alora, Climara, Vivelle-DOT

Class/indication: Estrogen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring estrogen

Oral Contraceptives: -Mono, bi, and triphasic

Brand: Many

Class: Oral Contraceptive

MOA: Combination contraceptives suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to inhibit ovulation.

Ethinyl estradiol-etonogestrel ring

Brand: NuvaRing

Class: Contraceptive

MOA: Combination contraceptives suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to inhibit ovulation.

Medroxyprogesterone

Brand: Provera, Depo-Provera

Class: Progestin

MOA: Transforms a proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium. Reduces the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia and risk of adenocarcinoma. Inhibits secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which prevents follicular maturation and ovulation and causes endometrial thinning. Lead to atrophy of the endometrial tissue.

Progesterone

Brand: Prometrium, Various

Class: Progestin

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring progesterone. Natural steroid hormone that induces secretory changes in the endometrium, promotes mammary gland development, relaxes uterine smooth muscle, blocks follicular maturation and ovulation, and maintains pregnancy.

Testosterone

Brand: AndroGel, Androderm

Class: Androgen

MOA: Mimics the effects of naturally occurring testosterone. Principal endogenous androgen responsible for promoting the growth and development of the male sex organs and maintaining secondary sex characteristics in androgen-deficient males

Sildenafil

Brand: Viagra

Class: PDE-5 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits Phosphodiesterase type 5. Enhances the effect of NO, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

Tadalafil

Brand: Cialis

Class: PDE-5 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits Phosphodiesterase type 5. Enhances the effect of NO, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

Vardenafil

Brand: Levitra

Class: PDE-5 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits Phosphodiesterase type 5. Enhances the effect of NO, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

Dutasteride

Brand: Avodart

Class: 5 α-reductase inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits the conversion of testosterone. Competitive/selective inhibitor of both reproductive tissues (type 2) and skin and hepatic (type 1) 5α-reductase. Disrupts the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

Finasteride

Brand: Proscar, Propecia

Class: 5 α-reductase inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits the conversion of testosterone. Competitively inhibits type II 5-alpha reductase, resulting in inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and markedly suppresses serum dihydrotestosterone levels

Alendronate

Brand: Fosamax, Binosto 

Class: Bisphosphonate

MOA: Inhibits bone resorption via actions on osteoclasts or on osteoclast precursors; decreases the rate of bone resorption, leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density.

Ibandronate

Brand: Boniva

Class: Bisphosphanate Derivative

MOA: Inhibits bone resorption via actions on osteoclasts or on osteoclast precursors; decreases the rate of bone resorption, leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density.

Risedronate

Brand: Actonel

Class: Bisphosphonate 

MOA: Inhibits bone resorption via actions on osteoclasts or on osteoclast precursors; decreases the rate of bone resorption, leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density.

Raloxifene

Brand: Evista

Class: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator

MOA: Binds to estrogen receptors resulting in activation of some pathways and blockade of others.

Darifenacin

Brand: Enablex

Class: Urinary antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors. Selective antagonist of the M3 muscarinic (cholinergic) receptor subtype. Blockade of the receptor limits bladder contractions, reducing the symptoms of bladder irritability/overactivity (urge incontinence, urgency and frequency).

Oxybutynin

Brand: Ditropan

Class: Urinary Antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors. Direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle, also inhibits the action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle; does not block effects at skeletal muscle or at autonomic ganglia; increases bladder capacity, decreases uninhibited contractions, and delays desire to void, therefore, decreases urgency and frequency

Solifenacin

Brand: Vesicare

Class: Urinary Antimuscarinic

MOA: Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors. Inhibits muscarinic receptors resulting in decreased urinary bladder contraction, increased residual urine volume, and decreased detrusor muscle pressure.

Tamsulosin

Brand: Flomax

Class: Alpha 1 blocker

MOA: Selectively blocks postsynaptic alpha-1-adrenergic receptors; relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate causing an improvement of urine flow.

Tolterodine

Brand: Detrol, Detrol LA

Class: Urinary Antimuscarinic 

MOA: Competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors. Urinary bladder contraction is mediated by muscarinic receptors. Increases residual urine volume and decreases detrusor muscle pressure

Levothyroxine

Brand: Synthroid

Class: Thyroid Supplement

MOA: Mimics naturally occuring thyroid hormones. Synthetic form of thyroxine, an endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. T4 is converted to its active metabolite, L-triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) then bind to thyroid receptor proteins in the cell nucleus and exert metabolic effects through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis; involved in normal metabolism, growth, and development; promotes gluconeogenesis, increases utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores, and stimulates protein synthesis, increases basal metabolic rate

Thyroid

Brand: Armour Thyroid

Class: Thyroid Supplement

MOA: Mimics naturally occurring thyroid hormones. The primary active compound is T3 (triiodothyronine), which may be converted from T4 (thyroxine) and then circulates throughout the body to influence growth and maturation of various tissues; exact mechanism of action is unknown; however, it is believed the thyroid hormone exerts its many metabolic effects through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis; involved in normal metabolism, growth, and development; promotes gluconeogenesis, increases utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores and stimulates protein synthesis, increases basal metabolic rate

Canagliflozin

Brand: Invokana

Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen and lowers the renal threshold for glucose (RTG) resulting in increased urinary excretion of glucose.

Dapagliflozin

Brand: Farxiga

Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

MOA: Inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen and lowers the renal threshold for glucose (RTG) resulting in increased urinary excretion of glucose

Dulaglutide

Brand: Trulicity

Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

MOA: Increases glucose dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases food intake.

Exenatide

Brand: Byetta, Bydureon

Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

MOA: Increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases food intake.

Glimepiride

Brand: Amaryl

Class: Sulonylurea

MOA: Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; reduces glucose output from the liver; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites

Glipizide

Brand: Glucotrol

Class: Sulfonylurea

MOA: Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; reduces glucose output from the liver; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites

Insulin Aspart

Brand: NovoLog, Fiasp

Class: Rapid-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Insulin Detemir

Brand: Levemir

Class: Long-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Insulin Glargine

Brand: Lantus, Basaglar, Tuojeo

Class: Long-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen.

Insulin Lispro

Brand: Humalog, Lyumjev

Class: Rapid-Acting Insulin

MOA: Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and their conversion to glycogen

Linagliptin

Brand: Tradjenta

Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

MOA: Binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzyme, resulting in prolonged incretin levels.

Liraglutide

Brand: Victoza, Saxenda

Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

MOA: Increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases food intake.

Metformin

Brand: Glucophage

Class: Biguanide

MOA: Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity (increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization)

Pioglitazone

Brand: Actos

Class: Thiazolidinedione (TZD)

MOA: Improves target cell response to insulin, without increasing insulin secretion.

Repaglinide

Brand: Prandin

Class: Meglitinide 

MOA: stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells. Nonsulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which blocks ATP-dependent potassium channels, depolarizing the membrane and facilitating calcium entry through calcium channels. 

saxagliptin

Brand: Onglyza

Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

MOA: Binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzyme, resulting in prolonged incretin levels.

sitagliptin

Brand: Januvia

Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

MOA: Binds to and inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 enzymes, resulting in prolonged incretin levels. 

mirabegron

Brand: Myrbetriq

Class: Beta 3 Agonist

MOA: Agonizes the beta-3 receptors on the detrusor smooth muscle and increasing bladder capacity

Potassium Iodide

Brand: SSKI

Class: Anithyroid Agent, Iodine

MOA: Given to decrease thyroid hormone production; protects from radioactive exposure because it blocks radioactive iodine from accumulating into the thyroid