Bio Unit 6

transformation

process in which one type of bacteria has been permanently changed into another

Bacteriophage

 a type of virus that infects bacteria

DNA(Linear and Plasmid)

Linear DNA is found in most Eukaryotic cells, while Plasmid DNA is found in most Prokaryotic cells

Base Pairing

the nearly perfect fit between A-T and G-C nucleotides

Replication

a copying process in DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle

DNA Polymerase

the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins nucleotides to synthesize a new DNA strand

Telomere

 the tips of Eukaryotic chromosomes

RNA

nucleic Acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

 the molecules of RNA that carry copies of instructions from the nucleus to ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

small organelles made of two subunits that combines with proteins and enzymes in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to coded mRNA message

Hox Genes

a group of homeobox genes that are common to all organisms

TATA Box

region in eukaryotic cells that tells us there will be a gene

Transcription Factors

Helps read DNA a certain way. They also regulate gene expression

Genetics

Study of hereditary

Hereditary

passing on traits to next generation

Hereditary Informatiom

DNA

Pathogenic

Bacteria that causes illness and death

Non-pathogenic

Bacteria that does not affect the organism

Griffith

Worked on the two strains of bacterium on the mice

Oswald Avery

Tested RNA and DNA, found that DNA was the only one to transform from R to S

Erwin Chargaff

Found nitrogenous base pairs and that A=T and G=C

Hershey and Chase

Used Radioactive isotopes to trace the fates of protein and DNA

Purine

Double ringed structure/ A and G

Pyrimidine

Single ringed structure/ T and C

DNA is Antiparallel

One side is down, while the other is up

Ligase

Seals together nucleotides

Semi constructive Replication

Half of original strand and half of a new strand

Hydrogen Bonding

Keeps nitrogenous bases together

Covalent Bonding

bonds on the backbone of DNA

Gene expression

Transcription

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

goes out and grabs amino acids

Transcription

Making of RNA/ makes mRNA, RNA copy, and a small part of DNA molecule - occurs in the nucleus

Introns in Prokaryotic cells

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RNA Processing

When enzymes remove introns but leaves exons alone

SNRNP

Small nuclear RNA that determines what goes in and what should not, and takes out the wrong code

AUG

Start codon

Mutations

Changes DNA sequence, and may be passed along in future generations

Substitution

Single Base is substituted

Frameshift Mutation

Entire sequence of codons is disrupted

Deletion

One nitrogenous base of DNA is lost

Insertion

One nitrogenous base of DNA is added

Missense

Mutation occurs and proteins build, but it’s the wrong one

Nonsense

Mutation occurs by protein doesn’t build

Transgenic

Putting one gene from one organism to another

Restriction Enzyme

Used to cut DNA so it is easier to analyze

Cloning Vector

Transfers DNA from one organism to another

Plasmid DNA

DNA that’s circular

Polyploidy

more than 2 chromosomes for every pair