INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH EXAM 3

What is an appropriate test of significance for relating two nominal level variables?

Chi Square

pros of Chi-square

-measure of the significance of the association rather than a measure of the strength of the association.

-available to help evaluate the relative strength of a statistically significant relationship

What are the appropriate measures of association for this situation?

standard measure for association between two categorical variables.

What are the assumptions made in Chi Square?

1.Sample size > 50

2.Each expected cell frequency>5

3.Independent random sample

4.Nominal/ordinal level data

If given a contingency tables, the actual Chi Square, and degrees of freedom - you should be able to interpret the results.

- Add percentages of results

- interpret percentages

- interpret p- value ( also known as Asymp. Sig.)

properties of Phi ( find examples)

1.Only good for 2 x 2 table

2.No precise interpretation.

3.Result resembles what you would get with P-value

properties of Cramers V( find examples)

1.Good for any size table

2.No precise interpretation

3.Result resembles what you would get with the p-value

properties of Yule's Q( find examples)

1.Only good for 2 x 2 table

2.No precise interpretation

3.Derived from Gamma

4.Will give you the highest result of any measure of association we are covering.

properties of Lambda( find examples)

1.Good for any size table

2.Has a precise interpretation

3.Makes a difference which is independent and dependent variable

4.Will give you the lowest result of any measure of association we are covering

5.Will sometime give you a false zero

What is a research design?

a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically

What elements does a research design possess?

1. Introduction

2. Review of literature

3. Theory, hypotheses and/or research

questions

4.Methodology

What is plagiarism? ( two types)

Type 1: Word for word must be putting quotes or indenting paragraph and must reference it.

Type 2: when you paraphrase- have to reference.

16th Century Astronomy Galileo

Example of an ethical research dilemma

(major ethical dilemmas in science)

Project Camelot was a 6 million dollar project funded by the U.S. army to understand why revolutions take place. Liberals who disagreed with the Vietnam war accepted the money to do the research even though it opposed what they stood for by supporting the government in the war.

-form of imperialist intervention

Research Ethics

1.Concern for the impact of one's research on society

2. for the impact of one's research on the subjects

3.Institutional Review Boards

4.Honesty

Institutional Review Board

-Required for any institution that receives federal funding and human research

-Informed consent

-Confidentiality

-Safety

-Contribution to society outweighs negative consequences

you reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a statistically significant association between the variables.

What happens if the P value is less than or equal to the level of significance

you fail to reject the null hypothesis because there is not enough evidence to conclude that the variables are associated.

What happens if the P value is greater than the level of significance