Science Technology and Nation Building (Topic 2)

STS Topic 2

Metal Age

3200 - One BCE

Iron Age ( 700-1 BCE)
Bronze Age (2300-700 BCE)
Copper Age (3200-2300 BCE)

Science in Pre-Spanish PH

1. Plowing using Oxen

2. Heliocentric Model of the Solar System

3. Ancient Calendar

Technology in Pre-Spanish PH

1. Spears and Bows (Hunting Weapons)

2. Bahay Kubo (Movable House)

3. Boats and Conch Shell (for communication)

Spanish Period

• Established School for boys and girls

• Concepts of Subject and Disciplines

• Science focuses in the basics

• Medicine and advanced sciences in colleges

Science vs Superstitions
(Halted the growth of science in the Spanish Period)

Examples:

• Singing while cooking → marry an old widower

• Twin bananas → twin birth

• Comets → famine or war

American Period (1898 - 1946)

Contributions

• Public education system

• Engineering and health reforms

• Research institutions and science as a subject

Manila Galleon

Tuberculosis (TB)

Mainly affects your lungs. Spread in the air via coughs and sneezes.

Latent TB

TB remains in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. Isnt contagious but can turn into Active TB.

Active TB

Makes you sick and can spread through others.

Symptoms:
Coughing up blood
Coughing period 3 or more weeks
Chest Pain
Weight Loss
Fatigue
Fever
Night Sweats
Chills
Loss of Appetite

Malaria

Transmitted through an infected Anopheles Mosquito. Carrying the Plasmodium Parasite

The New Republic

Emilio Aguinaldo became the first president of the First Philippine Republic (also known as the Malolos Republic) in 1899 after the Malolos Constitution was ratified. He served until 1901, when he was captured by American forces during the Philippine-American War (1899-1902).

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

• Led by Dr. Francis Collins (NIH, 1985) from University of Michigan

• Sequenced 3 billion nucleotides by 2000

Down Syndrome Symptoms

Klinefelter Syndrome

What is Biosafety?

Measures employed when handling biohazardous materials.

Achieved Through;
- Administrative Controls
- Engineering Controls
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Practices and Procedures

Food Safety

Assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer.

Ramon Barba

Agriculture - Tissue Culture Philippine Mangoes

• Revolutionized mango production through induced flowering using potassium nitrate.

• His technique allowed year-round harvests, boosting the Philippine mango industry globally.

• Named a National Scientist in 2014.

Josefino C Comiso

Climate Science - Satellite imagery of Antarctica

• Worked at NASA, specializing in satellite remote sensing of polar regions.

• His research on Antarctic sea ice helped understand global warming and climate change.

• One of the few Filipinos contributing to international climate science at this scale.

Jose Bejar Cruz

Field of Electrical Engineering

pioneering work in control systems engineering, particularly in:

• Sensitivity analysis of dynamic systems

• Optimal control theory

• Game theory applications in engineering

• Multi-agent systems and hierarchical decision-making models

Lourdes Jansoy Cruz

Biochemistry - Sea Snail Venom

• Studied conotoxins from sea snail venom, which affect nerve transmission.

• Her work has implications for pain management and neurological disorders.

• Advocated for women in science and indigenous knowledge systems.

Fabian Millar Dayrit

Chemistry - Herbal Medicine

• Known for research on virgin coconut oil and its health benefits.

• Promotes natural medicine and sustainable chemistry.

• Also involved in science education and policy.

Rafel Dineros Guerrero

Aquaculture - Tilapia Culture

• Developed sex reversal technology for tilapia, increasing fish farm productivity.

• His work supports food security and sustainable aquaculture practices.

• Recognized for practical innovations in rural development.

Enrique Mapua Ostrea

Pediatrics - Meconium Drug testing

• Invented meconium drug testing, which detects fetal exposure to drugs.

• This method is used worldwide in neonatal care and public health.

• His work bridges medicine, ethics, and child welfare.

Lilian Formalejo Patena

Plant Biotech - Plant Biotechnology

• 🌱 Developed micropropagation techniques for banana and cassava

• 🍊 Discovered new breeds of calamansi and seedless pomelo

• 🌸 Advanced in vitro germination for indigenous Philippine orchids

• 🧪 Pioneered virus-free plant production for crops like garlic and potato

• 🏆 Recognized as one of The Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service (TOWNS)

Mari-jo Panganiban Ruiz

Math - Outstanding Educator & Graph Theorist

• Specialized in graph theory and mathematical education.

• One of the few Filipina mathematicians to gain international recognition.

• Advocated for women in STEM and academic excellence.

Gregogry Ligot Tangonan

Engineering - Communication Technology

• Worked on fiber optics and communication technologies.

• His innovations contributed to faster, more reliable data transmission.

• Bridged engineering research between the Philippines and the U.S.

Caesar Saloma

Renowned Physicist - Optics Research

• Known for work in optics and photonics, including laser applications.

• Former Chancellor of UP Diliman and a strong advocate for research funding.

• Helped elevate Philippine physics on the global stage.

Edgardo Gomez

Marine science - Coral Reef Conservation

• Led the first national coral reef assessment in the Philippines.

• Founded the Marine Science Institute at UP.

• His conservation efforts helped protect biodiversity and coastal communities.

William Padolina

Chemistry - Science policy leadership

• Former Secretary of DOST; promoted biotechnology and science policy.

• Advocated for S&T integration in national development.

• Played a key role in shaping modern research institutions.

Angel Alcala

Marine Science - Marine protected areas

• Pioneered marine protected areas and artificial reefs.

• His work restored fish populations and empowered local fisherfolk.

• A National Scientist and environmental champion.