Studied by 10 people
neutral stimulus
a stimulus which produces no reaction
unconditioned response
an innate response to a stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that provides a response by association
conditioned response
a reaction to a stimulus that has been learnt through association
behavioural/behaviourist approach
the idea that you’re born a blank slate/ all behaviour is learnt
generalisation
the conditioned stimulus can be changed slightly whilst still producing the conditioned response
discrimination
if the conditioned stimulus is changed too much then the conditioned response will not occur
extinction
when the conditioned stimulus is continually presented without the unconditioned stimulus the conditioned response will disappear
spontaneous recovery
after the conditioned response is thought to be extinguished it can return
introspection
Wundt’s method of studying behaviour
Psychodynamic approach
highlights the influence of the unconscious mind/ links physical problems to conflict of the mind
humanistic approach
human’s have an impact on their development/ behaviours
cognitive approach
explains behaviour in terms of mental processes
social learning theory
emphasises the importance of environment and the role of cognitive factors to link to behaviourism
biological approach
explains human behaviour in terms of biological processes especially genetics
cognitive neuroscience
area of science that studies the influence of brain structure on mental processes
positive reinforcement
rewarding someone to encourage a certain behaviour
negative reinforcement
avoiding an unpleasant outcome by exhibiting a desired behaviour
punishment
using an unpleasant consequence to discourage certain behaviours
classical conditioning
learning by association
operant conditioning
learning by rewards and consequences
observer bias
when an observers own opinions influence the results of a study
objective
unaffected by personal opinions, prejudices or interpretations
subjective
affected by personal opinions, prejudices or interpretations
vicarious reinforcement
learning from the experiences of others
attention
the extent to which you notice a behaviour
retention
remembering behaviour
motivation
the will to perform a behaviour
motor reproduction
the ability to perform/replicate observed behaviour
modelling
imitating the behaviour of a role model
inference
to work out what’s happening to information in the brain by investigating behaviour
schema
mental structures that represent an aspect of the world
genes
code for the physical and psychological features which can be inherited
neurochemistry
relating to chemicals in the brain which regulate psychological functioning
genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual organism
phenotype
observable characteristics determined by genetics and the environment
evolution
the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
concordance rates
the extent to which twins share the same characteristics
monozygotic
identical twins formed from one egg splitting
dizygotic
unidentical twins that form from two seperate eggs
conscious
the part of the mind we are aware of
preconscious
below the conscious containing thoughts and memories
unconscious
storehouse of biological drives and instincts which we are unaware of
ID
operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
operates on the reality principle
superego
operates on the morality principle
displacement
transferring negative feelings from the source to a substitute target
denial
refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
repression
forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
oral stage
between 0-1 the mouth is the erogenous zone
anal stage
between 1-3 the anus is the erogenous zone
phallic stage
between 3-6 the genitals become erogenous zones
latency stage
between 6-puberty children want nothing to do with the opposite sex
genital stage
from puberty onwards heterosexual desires develop
free will
the notion that humans aren’t determined by internal or external forces
self-actualisation
the desire to grow psychologically and reach your full potential
physiological needs
biological requirements for survival, stage 1 of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
safety needs
the need for safety and security, stage 2 of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
love and belongingness needs
the emotional need for interpersonal relationships, stage 3 of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Esteem needs
the need for internalised and externalised esteem need, stage 4 of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
self-actualisation needs
the desire to accomplish everything one can, stage 5 of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
the self
someone’s inner personality/soul
congruence
when someone’s ideal self and actual experience are similar
conditions of worth
rules that govern values, beliefs and behaviours
unconditional positive regard
when someone is loved for who they are regardless of whether they make mistakes or not
conditional positive regard
when someone is only loved on the condition that they behave in a certain way
Note 
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