MIDTERMS

Body Planes

Body Planes

These are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes.

Sagittal plane

What is the vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right halves?

Regions of the thorax and abdomen

It is a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts.

Pelvic cavity

What is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems?

Mesentery

What is the fused double layer of the peritoneum that attaches parts of intestine to the anterior abdominal wall?

Adult stem cell

The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

Embryonic stem cell

It comes from the cord blood found in the umbilical cord and the placenta of a newborn infant.

Chromosomes

These are the generic structures located within the nucleus in each cell.

Genetic mutation

What is the change in the sequence of a DNA molecule?

Plasma

What is the liquid portion of the blood called?

Liquid connective tissue

Examples of these are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

Anaplasia

What is the change in the structures of cells and their orientation to each other?

Hyperplasia

It is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.

Lymph fluid

What is the liquid portion of the lymphatic system called?

Malignant

It means harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life-threatening.

Glands

What is the group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions called?

Blood-borne transmission

What is the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood?

Vector-borne transmission

What is the spread of certain diseases due to the bite of a vector?

Endemic

It refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.

Functional disorder

It produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.

Thrombocytes/Platelets

These are small cell fragments that circulate in the blood and respond to injuries by starting the clotting process and providing homeostasis.

Medial

This term means the direction toward or nearer the midline.

Parietal peritoneum

What is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall?

Epigastric region

What is the area above the stomach?

Left & right hypochondriac region

What is the area below the ribs?

Adenectomy

What is the surgical removal of a gland?

Exocrine glands

Which type of gland secretes chemical substances into ducts?

Bone marrow

It is the site of a process called erythropoiesis, in which the erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs.

Lymph nodes

These are small, kidney-shaped structures that contain lymphatic tissue and are located along a network of lymphatic channels.

Immunity

It is the body’s capacity to resist invading organisms and toxins, thereby preventing tissue and organ damage.

Cell-mediated immunity

This response involves the destruction of target cells such as virus-infected cells and cancer cells through the secretion of lymphokines.

Lacteals

A lymphatic vessel located in the small intestine.

ELISA

An acronym for the test that identifies antibodies to bacterias, among others.

Iatrogenic immunodeficiency

It is an immunodeficiency introduced by a medical treatment.

Prefix

It is a word component or whole world that is attached to the front of a root.

Suffix

It is a word component that attaches to the end of a root.

-itis

What is the suffix of inflammation?

Peritoneum

It is a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

Epidemiologist

It is a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population.

Root

What is the essential component of a word?

Root

It signifies a disease, procedure, or body part.

Letter o

What letter is most commonly used as a combining vowel?

Plural words

Usually formed by adding s or es to the end of a noun

Eponym

A medical term that is derived from the name of a person, usually the scientist who discovered the corresponding body part of a disease.

a(n)-

What is the prefix of absence?

Surgical removal

Suffix in splenectomy means?

Angi-

Root for vessel

Anatomic reference systems

Are used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body.

Body Planes, Body Directions, Body Cavities, and Structural Units

What are the anatomical references?

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the body.

Anatomic position

Describes the body standing in standard position.

Vertical plane

Is an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon.

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Frontal/Coronal plane

It is located at right angles to the sagittal plane.

Horizontal plane

Is a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon.

Transverse plane

Is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Ventral

Refers to the front, or belly side of the body.

Dorsal

Refers to the back of the organ or body.

Superior

Uppermost, above, or toward the head.

Inferior

Lowermost, below, or toward the feet.

Cephalic

Toward the head

Caudal

Toward the lower part of the body

Proximal

Nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.

Distal

Farthest from the midline

Medial

Toward, or nearer the midline.

Lateral

Toward, or nearer the side.

Bilateral

means relating to, or having two sides.

Dorsal Cavity

It is located along the back of the body and head and contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions.

Spinal Cavity

It is located within the spinal column, surrounds, and protects the spinal cord.

Cranial Cavity

It is located within the skull. surrounds, and protects the brain.

Ventral cavity

It is located along the front of the body and contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.

Homeostasis

It is the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

Thoracic Cavity

Also known as the chest cavity

Diaphragm

It is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Abdominal cavity

It contains the major organs of digestion

Right and left lumbar region

Located near the inward curve of the spine.

Umbilical region

Surrounds the umbilicus, which is commonly known as the belly button or navel.

Quadrants of the abdomen

Describe where an abdominal organ or pain is located is made easier by dividing the abdomen into four imaginary quadrants.

Visceral peritoneum

The inner layer of the peritoneum

Retroperitoneal

Means located behind the peritoneum

Peritonitis

The inflammation of the peritoneum.

Cells

are basic structural and functional units of the body.

Cytology

The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell.

Cytologist

A specialist in the study and analysis of cells.

Cell membrane

A tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell.

Cytoplasm

The material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

Nucleus

Surrounded by the nuclear membrane

Stem cells

Are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.

Adult stem cells

Also known as somatic stem cells

Gene

Is a fundamental pjysical and functional unit of heredity.

Genetics

The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children.

Geneticist

A specialist in the field of genetics.

Chromosomes

Are the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell.

Somatic cell

Is any cell in the body except the gametes

Sex cell

Also known as a gamete; is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes.

DNA

Contains thousands of genes that provide the information essential for heredity, determining physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits.

Somatic cell mutation

It is a change within the cells of the body.

Gametic cell mutation

It is a change within the genes in a gamete.

Genetic engineering

The manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes.