Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Lab

What is the most practical treatment for diabetes?

Dietary management

Glucose is oxidized to ____ and ______ yielding energy in the form of ______

CO2 & water, ATP

What is glycogen?

Stored glucose in the liver

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose by the liver/kidneys from noncarb sources (amino acids, fats ,etc)

What is the function of insulin?

decrease blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake in tissues

What pancreatic cells secrete insulin?

beta cells

What is the function of glucagon?

increase blood glucose levels by releasing stored glucose from the liver

What pancreatic cells secrete glucagon?

Alpha cells

What is glycogenolysis?

releasing stored glucose from liver

Normoglycemic

normal blood sugar (70-110mg/dL fasting, 85-125 mg/dL non fasting)

Hypoglycemic

low blood sugar (45-75 mg/dL)

Hyperglycemic

high blood sugar (>126 mg/dL fasting, 100-125 mg/dL = pre diabetes)

conditions in which glucose concentrations in the blood increase

diabetes, hyperthyroidism, acute pancreatitis, trauma, dehydration, liver diseases

conditions in which glucose concentrations in the blood decrease

cirrhosis, galactosemia, hypothyroidism, malnutrition, water overload, alcoholism, insulin overdose

What is the most common screen test for blood glucose levels?

Oral glucose tolerance test

Three components that make up human hemoglobin

globin (protein), heme groups, and iron

Glycohemoglobin

formed slowly and is irreversible over the erythrocyte lifespan

How long is the life span of an erythrocyte?

120 days

What do the glycosylated hemoglobin levels represent (and is a valuable method for measuring)?

represent time-average blood glucose levels, making it a valuable method for measuring long-term control of people with diabetes

Two advantages of measuring glycosylated HgB are ___ and ___.

single determination can replace multiple glucose determinations performed and HbA1 levels are not affected by recent meals/exercise.

conditions in which glycosylated HgBs are increased

hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, glycosuria, PCOS

normal ranges for HbA1c

4.2-6.2%

percentage that represents poor control of HbA1c

7.6%