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Onset to the Hellenistic Era to End of the Classical World
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1
Pyrrho of Elis
Founder of Skepticism, taught to avoid certainty and suspend judgment to achieve inner peace (ataraxia).
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2
Epicurus of Samos
Advocated for a life free from fear and pain by seeking moderate pleasures and denied the existence of an afterlife.
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3
Antisthenes
Founder of Cynicism, rejected societal conventions in favor of self-sufficiency and influenced existential perspectives on well-being.
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4
Diogenes of Sinope
Famous Cynic known for rejecting social norms and emphasizing living naturally, influencing discussions on authenticity in psychology.
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5
Zeno of Citium
Founder of Stoicism, taught that virtue and reason are keys to happiness and that emotions should be controlled through rational thought.
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6
Plotinus
Founder of Neoplatonism, emphasized a hierarchical universe and viewed happiness as attainable through reason and introspection.
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7
Galen
Expanded on Hippocrates' theory of four humors, linking bodily fluids to personality types, shaping early personality psychology.
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8
Augustine of Hippo
Integrated Neoplatonism and Stoicism into Christian theology, emphasizing free will and the pursuit of divine truth.
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