History of Photo Test 1

When and where was the Daguerreotype first shown?

When and where was the Daguerreotype first shown?

August 19th, 1839 in the Academy of Science and Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, France

Daguerreotype

• Photographic technique named after Louis Daguerre

• Creates an image by using silver/silver-coated copper plate in a camera obscura

• Can’t make copies

• Long process

• “One and Done”

Calotype (aka Talbotype)

• Photographic process named after William Henry Fox Talbot

• Patented in 1841

• Creates a negative image by using paper coated with silver chloride

• Capable of creating multiple copies

• “Minus Many”

Camera Obscura

• “Dark Room”

• dark room with a hole/lens in a wall that projects an image of the outside world inside.

• Eventually became a box of the photographic camera.

Wet Plate/Collodion Negative Process

• Photographic process invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851

• Glass plates sensitized to light with collodion mixed with light-sensitive silver salts

• Patent-free and was more popular than daguerreotypes and calotypes by 1860s

What is collodion made of?

• Ether

• Guncotton

• Alcohol

Albumen Print

• Printing Process

• Coating paper with eggwhite to print photographs

What is a Heliograph?

• The earliest form of photography made by Niepce

• Produces an image by placing a light-sensitive paper bitumen of Judea and asphalt in a contact frame

Tintype

• Cheap photographic process invented by Prof. Hamilton Smith in 1853

• Renders images on thin, lightweight sheets of iron

• Popular during Civil War

• “Cheap and iron"

Carte-de-visite

• aka “card photograph” in US

• invented in 1854 by Andre Disderi

• Small photo portrait mounted on cardboard backing the size of a visiting card

• Sometimes has multiple photos on sheet

Camera lucida

• “Light room”

• Tool used by artists to project a scene onto a drawing board

What is a Woodburytype?

• Method of printing photographs for book illustrations

• Invented in 1866 by Walter Bently Woodbury

• Technique:

  • Copies a negative of photographic using gelatin film sensitized with potassium bichromate when exposed. Is then dipped in hot/warm water and pressed.

  • Thickness of gelatin resulted in different tones to the image.

Direct Positive Process

• Invented by Hippolyte Bayard

• Captures an image without a negative

Cyanotype Process

• Photographic Process invented by Sir John Herschel in 1842

• Uses iron salts to produce a deep blue image

• Source of blueprints

Who brought the Daguerreotype process to the US?

Samuel Morse

Ambrotypes

• Photographic process invented by James Cutting

• aka “Collodion Positive”

• Glass exposed in camera using light-sensitive collodion and back of glass coated with black varnish or dark backing to give it a 'positive’ look

• Popular in the mid-19th century

Stereography

• Photographic technique to give the illusion of depth using a stereoscope

• Two images taken from slightly different angles printed onto one card

• Access to:

  • Information

  • Travel

  • Education

  • Entertainment

Who invented the first stereoscope?

Charles Wheatstone in 1832

Historic Monuments Commission

• Buildings that were considered cultural achievements

• Agency hired Missions Heliographiques to list buildings that should be photographed

Wax Paper Process

• Photographic process invented by Gustave Le Gray

• Kept the paper sensitive for two weeks and allows the photographer to develop it after a week of exposure

• Apply heated wax to the developed negative in order to increase printing transparency and lessen the visibility of the paper

Who invented the Safe Light? What was it for?

Jean-Francois-Antoine Cluadet. Used for darkroom processing

What was a commonality with early daguerreotypes?

The subjects seen in a portrait would be dead before the daguerreotype was complete. Many infants and children were often seen in these post-mortem photographs because of high mortality rates then

Joseph Nicephore Niepce

• “Inventor” of photography

• View from the Window in 1827

• Died before he could see the daguerreotype (first public photograph process)

Louis Daguerre

The Missions Heliographiques

• Edouard Baldus

• Hippolyte Bayard

• Gustave Le Gray

• Henri Le Secq

• O. Mestral

Who made collecting photographs popular in Britain?

Queen Elizabeth

Who created the modern stereoscope?

Oliver Wendell Holmes