unit 10- learning and memory

what is the significance of memory according to Luis Brunel"?

memory is essential for coherence, reason, feeling, action

who was the first person to provide evidence that memory processes are localized in the brain?

Wildner Penfield

what are the 2 types of conditioning discussed in memory representation?

1. classical

2. instrumental (operant) conditioning

what are Karl Lashley’s 2 principles about the nervous system?

1. Equipotentiality (all parts of the cortex contribute equally to learning)

2. mass action (the cortex works as a whole).

difference between short term and long term memory?

• Short-term memory holds up to seven items and depends on rehearsal

• long-term memory is vast, does not depend on rehearsal, and can be recalled with hints.

what is reconsolidation in memory?

occurs when a reminder followed by a similar experience modifies a memory during its reactivation.

what is working memory?

is the temporary storage of memories about a task one is attending to at the moment.

what is Korsakoff’s syndrome and its symptoms?

caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency, leading to apathy, confusion, and memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia).

what are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s?

Symptoms include short-term and long-term memory loss, confusion, restlessness, hallucinations, and disturbances in eating and sleeping.

what is infant amnesia?

refers to the inability to recall memories from the first few years of life, possibly due to hippocampal changes.

what was the impact of hippocampal damage on patient H.M?

experienced severe anterograde amnesia, moderate retrograde amnesia, and impaired long-term memory storage.

role of the hippocampus in declarative memory?

hippocampus is critical for declarative memory, especially episodic memory.

what are place cells and grid cells?

• Place cells are hippocampal neurons tuned to specific spatial locations

• grid cells in the entorhinal cortex respond to locations in a hexagonal grid.

roles of the striatum in memory?

the striatum, including caudate nucleus and putamen, is involved in habit learning and probabilistic learning

what is the Hebbian synapse?

increases in effectiveness due to simultaneous activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

what is habituation is Aplysia?

Habituation is the decrease in response to a repeated stimulus without changes in other stimuli, reflecting synaptic changes.

what is long term potentiation (LTP)?

is an increased responsiveness to axonal input after repeated stimulation, with properties like specificity, cooperativity, and associativity.

what are AMPA and NMDA receptors?

receptors are glutamate receptors involved in LTP, with NMDA requiring depolarization to activate.

what’s the relationship between LTP and memory improvement?

LTP depends on protein production, and enhancing these proteins can improve memory.

what is the role of genetics in intelligence?

Genetics significantly influence intelligence, with heritability increasing with age and environmental opportunities.

how does brain evolution relate to intelligence?

Human brains evolved to be metabolically efficient, with adaptations like upright walking, cooking, and group hunting.

what is the significance of Tau proteins in Alzheimer’s?

Tau protein accumulation produces tangles, contributing to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

delayed task response?

A memory task where a subject gives a learned response after a delay, testing working memory.

what is semantic dementia?

caused by damage to the anterior and inferior temporal lobes, impairing semantic memories.

role of amygdala in memory?

important for fear learning

what’s the radial maze used for?

tests spatial memory in animals, with performance impaired by hippocampal damage.

Morris water maze?

test where animals find a hidden platform in murky water, used to assess spatial memory.

role of norepinephrine in memory?

norepinephrine release enhances memory storage and consolidation, especially for emotional experiences.

role of prefrontal cortex in memory?

involved in working memory and learning about rewards and punishments.