Med Term Unit 4 (9,10,13)

structures in the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder

azot/o

nitrogenous waste

bacteri/o

bacteria

corpor/o

body

cyst/o

urinary bladder

genit/o

genitals

glomerul/o

glomerulus

glycos/o

sugar, glucose

home/o

sameness

hydr/o

water

iatr/o

physician, medicine, treatment

idi/o

distinctive

keton/o

ketones

meat/o

meatus

nephr/o

kidney

noct/i

night

olig/o

scanty

protein/o

protein

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney

tox/o

poison

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

urin/o

urine

ur/o

urine

-lith

stone

-lysis

to destroy

-ptosis

drooping

-uria

urine condition

genitourinary (GU) system

organs of the urinary system and female or male sexual organs

urine

fluid that remains in urinary system following three stages of urine production: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

uremia

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood

nephrons

functional or working unit of kidney that filters blood and produces urine; more than 1 million in adult kidney; each consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubules

kidneys

two organs located in lumbar region of back behind parietal peritoneum; under muscles of back, just a little above waist; have concave or depressed area that gives them bean-shaped appearance; center of this concavity is called hilum

ureters

organs in urinary system that transport urine from kidney to bladder

urinary bladder

organ in urinary system that stores urine

urethra

tube that leads from urinary bladder to outside of body; in male it also used by reproductive system to release semen

retroperitoneal

pertaining to behind peritoneum; describes position of kidneys, which is outside of peritoneal sac alongside spine

hilum

controlled entry/exit point of an organ such as kidney or lung

renal artery

artery that originates from abdominal aorta and carries blood to nephrons of kidney

renal vein

carries blood away from kidneys

cortex

outer layer of organ; within endocrine system, refers to outer layer of adrenal glands; within urinary system, refers to outer layer of kidney

medulla

middle area of an organ; in endocrine system refers to adrenal medulla; in urinary system, refers to inner portion of kidney

renal pyramids

triangular-shaped region of renal medulla

renal papilla

tip of renal pyramid

calyx

duct that connects renal papilla to renal pelvis; urine flows from collecting tubule through calyx and into renal pelvis

renal pelvis

large collecting site for urine within kidney; collects urine from each calyx; urine leaves renal pelvis via ureter

renal corpuscle

part of nephron; double'-walled cuplike structure called glomuerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule and contains capillary network called glomerulus; afferent arteriole carries blood to glomerulus and efferent arteriole carries blood away from glomerulus; filtration stage of urine production occurs in renal corpuscle as wastes are filtered from blood in glomerulus and enter Bowman’s capsule

renal tubule

network of tubes found in a nephron; consists of proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal tubule, and collecting tubule; where reabsorption and secretion stages of urine production occur; as glomerular filtrate passes through, most of water and some of dissolved substances, such as amino acids and electrolytes, are reabsorbed; at same time, substances that are too large to filter into Bowman’s capsule, such as urea, are secreted directly form bloodstream into renal tubule; filtrate that reaches collecting tubule becomes urine

glomerular capsule

also called Bowman’s capsule; part of renal corpuscle; double-walled cuplike structure that encircles glemerulus; within filtration stage of urine production, waste products filtered from blood enter Bowman’s capsule as glomerular filtrate

glomerulus

ball of capillaries encased by Bowman’s capsule; within filtration stage of urine production, wastes filtered from blood leave glomerulus capillaries and enter Bowman’s capsule

afferent arteriole

arteriole that carries blood into glomerulus

efferent arteriole

arteriole that carries blood away from glomerulus

proximal convoluted tubule

portion of renal tubule

nephron loop

portion of renal tubule; also called loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule

portion of renal tubule

collecting tubule

portion of renal tubule

rugae

prominent folds in mucosa of stomach; smooth out and almost disappear allowing stomach to expand when full of food; also found in urinary bladder

urination

release of urine from urinary bladder; also called micturition or voiding

internal sphincter

ring of involuntary muscle that keeps urine within bladder

external sphincter

ring of voluntary muscle that controls emptying of urine from bladder

urinary meatus

external opening of urethra

homeostasis

steady state or state of balance within body; kidneys assist in maintaining homeostasis

electrolytes

chemical compound that separates into charged particles, or ionizes, in solution; sodium (NA+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-) are examples of electrolytes, 318 are examples of electrolytes

filtration

first stage of urine production during which waste products are filtered from blood

reabsorption

second phase of urine production; substances needed by body are reabsorbed as filtrate passes through kidney tubules

secretion

third phase of urine production; additional waste products are added to filtrate as it passes through kidney tubules

glomerular filtrate

product of filtration stage of urine production; water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and toxins that are filtered from blood passing through glomerulus; filtrate enters Bowman’s capsule

peritubular capillaries

capillary bed surrounding renal tubules

nitrogenous wastes

waste products that contain nitrogen; products, such as ammonia and urea, are produced during protein metabolism

albumin

protein normally found circulating in bloodstream; it is abnormal for albumin to be in urine

urinalysis (U/A, UA)

laboratory test consisting of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

specific gravity (SG, sp., gr.)

characteristic of urine that indicates amount of dissolved substance in urine

components of a uranlysis test

color, odor, appearance, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and blood

cyst/o

bladder, pouch

necr/o

death

py/o

pus

ven/o

vein

-al

pertaining to

-algia

pain

-ar

pertaining to

-ary

pertaining to

-cele

protrusion

-eal

pertaining to

-ectasis

dilated

-ectomy

surgical removal

-emia

blood condition

-genic

producing

-gram

record

-graphy

process of recording

-ic

pertaining to

-itis

inflammation

-lith

stone

-lithiasis

condition of stones

-logy

study of

-lysis

to destroy (to break down)

-malacia

abnormal softening

-megaly

enlarged

-meter

instrument to measure

-oma

tumor