Intro to Animal Science Exam 4

Poultry, zoo animals, companion animals, sheep, goats,

Recently hatched chicken of either sex

Chick

Young female chicken

Pullet

Mature female chicken

Hen

Young intact male chicken

Cockerel

Young castrated male chicken

Capon

Mature intact male chicken

Rooster (cock)

Bantam vs standard chickens

Miniature version of some chicken and duck breeds, ¼ to 1/5 of the size, some breeds only exist in a small form

Egg-producing breed (layers) characteristics

Smaller bodies, start to lay eggs at around 20 weeks, healthy hens lay for about 10 years

Egg-producing breeds (layers)

Rhode Island red, Golden comet, New Hampshire, Black Australorp, and Leghorn

What breed(s) lay white eggs?

Leghorn

What breed(s) lay brown eggs

Rhode Island Red and Barred Plymouth rock

Meat-producing breed (broilers) characteristics

Broad breasted and larger than layers, harvested at 3.5 to 5 pounds

Meat-producing breeds (broilers)

Cornish, cornish/plymouth rock cross, royal grays

Tallest chicken breed

Malay, over 3 feet tall

Largest chicken breed

Jersey Giant hen, 10 lbs average

Dual-purpose breed characteristics

Classic “backyard” chicken, large bodied, very hardy and self-reliant

Dual-purpose breeds

Rhode Island Red, barred plymouth rock

Rooster vs hen external anatomy

Rooster has larger comb (red on top of head), wattles (hang from beak), ear lobes, spurs (claw on feet), and body. Roosters also have sickles in tail and narrow, pointed hackle feathers

Importance of the poultry industry

Source of farm income, food source, industrial uses, and research

Poultry meat vs beef

Poultry meat is higher in protein and lower in fat than beef

Industrial uses of inedible eggs

Animal feed, fertilizer, pharmaceuticals, paints, adhesives, leather tanning

Industrial uses of feathers

Pillows, insulation material, animal feed, fishing lures

Infundibulum

Site of fermentation (if it occurs)

Magnum

Albumen (egg whites) are formed and added

Isthmus

Shell membranes added

Uterus

Shell formation, majority of time spent here

“Cage-free” chickens

No cages in the chicken house, but they are contained in a building, no access to outside scratch area

“Free-roaming” chickens

No cages in the chicken house and they have access to outside scratch area

Chicken nutrition

Nonruminant omnivores, feed typically contains corn, soybean meal, and high quality by-product feeds, no forages/roughages, higher calcium requirement

Chicken nutrition and protein

High-producing layers and fast-growing broilers need a lot of protein, commercial feeds sold based on protein content (layer feed is 18% and broiler feed is 23%)

Xanthophyll pigments

In corn, causes yellow color in broiler skin and egg yolks

Why is housing important for chickens?

Protects them from predators, extreme temperatures, weather, and allows for artificial lighting to be used

Chicken egg laying and lighting

Reproductive cycle is stimulated by increasing day length

Purpose of Zoos

Awareness, education, and environmental impact/conservation

Reasons why zoos should exist

Keeping wild animals in captivity has benefits for humans and the animal, sometimes better off in captivity than in the wild

Reasons why zoos shouldn’t exist

Some believe that the rights of animals are equal to those of humans and that it is never acceptable to sacrifice the interests of one animal to benefit another

Ethics of zoos

Is the awareness, education, and environmental impact/conservation in line with animal welfare

Regulations in the US for zoos

The animal welfare act (AWA), USDA APHIS, state veterinarians, FDA, US fish and wildlife service

The animal welfare act (AWA) and zoos

Covers several aspects of zoo operations like zoo licensing, animal health, animal purchase, transportation, housing, handling and husbandry

Tinbergen’s Four Whys (zoo animal behavior)

What is the function of the behavior (how it affects the animal’s fitness), what is the cause of this behavior (external or internal stimuli), what is the course of development of the behavior (young to old), and how did this behavior evolve (looking at the species overtime)

Who needs to be considered when designing zoo housing and husbandry?

Animals, zookeepers, and visitors

Animal needs are based on… (housing and husbandry)

Age, size and social rank, previous experience, external environmental factors

Zookeeper needs are based on… (housing and husbandry)

Easy cleaning, consideration of how staff can move animal safely, easy access into enclosures for staff, training

Basic housing needs (housing and husbandry)

Spacing, temperature, light, ventilation, safety, barriers, water, feed, furnishing, enrichment

Zoo animal enrichment

Refers to any change in an animals environment that leads to a positive outcome and brings improved welfare

Reproductive biology benefits

Monitoring reproductive status, assisted reproductive technologies, survival of offsprings, manipulating exotic animal reproductive output

Conservation

The idea of human intervention and management to achieve some kind of sustainable usage of resources

Biodiversity

The totality of genes, species and ecosystems in a region

Companion animal definition

Domesticated species of animals which live in close proximity to humans and share a special, mutually beneficial relationship.

Social and personal drivers from companion animals

Companionship, security, connection to nature

The Human-Animal Bond (HAB)

A mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors that are essential to the health and well-being of both

Physical health benefits of HAB

Decreased blood pressure and cholesterol, reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, increased physical activity (dog walking), improved immune system development in children (reduced allergies)

Anthropomorphism

Placing human emotions, qualities, traits, or motivations on non-human animals

Dangers of anthropomorphism

Misinterpretation of behavior, nutritional issues, behavioral problems, and impaired decision making

Companion animal owner responsibilities

Knowledge of species-specific needs (husbandry, diet), ability to provide preventative and emergency care, and ensuring the five freedoms of welfare

Young female sheep

Ewe lamb

Young intact male sheep

Ram lamb

Young castrated male sheep

Wether

Mature female sheep

Ewe

Mature intact male sheep

Ram

Mature castrated male sheep

Stag

Sheep products

Meat (lamb, mutton), wool, milk/cheese

Sheep and goat industry trends

Total and breeding both decreasing

What animal makes the most losses (deaths) for sheep and goats?

Coyotes

Sheep breed category characteristics

Purpose or use, face color, fiber type

Merino (sheep breed)

Wool breed, white face and body, fine wool, high quality soft fabrics and knitting yarn, most famous, wool feels silky and slippery

Rambouillet (sheep breed)

Wool breed, creamy white face and body, fine wool, garment fabrics, wool feels buttery and cottony

Romney (sheep breed)

Wool breed, known for their creamy white face and body, come in many colors, lustrous long wool, coarse wool, felting fiber (outer wear, rugs), “gold standard” for versatility

Hampshire (sheep breeds)

Meat breed, black face and legs, white body, medium wool (down fiber)

Dorset (sheep breeds)

Meat breed, bright white face and body, medium wool (down fiber), “workhorse” fiber good for items that need to endure friction and wear

Suffolk (sheep breeds)

Meat breed, black face and legs, creamy white body, medium wool (down fiber)

Shropshire (sheep breeds)

Meat breed, black face and legs, creamy white body, medium wool (down fiber), highest quality wool out of all of the down types

Southdown (sheep breed)

Meat breed, creamy white face and body, medium wool (down fiber), finest and softest wool out of the down breeds, old breed, friendly

Targhee (sheep breed)

Dual-purpose breed, bright creamy matte white face and body, fine wool

Corriedale (sheep breed)

Dual-purpose breed, bright creamy white, comes in many colors, premium medium wool, “all-purpose” fiber

Polypay (sheep breed)

Dual-purpose breed, 4-breed cross between Targhee x Dorset with Rambouillet x Finnsheep, white face and body, medium wool

Commercial sheep operation

Cross-breeding, produce market lambs, Generally use three or four breed rotational crossbreeding programs to maximize heterosis (superiority of crossbred offspring)

“Ewe sheep breeds”

Dorset, Rambouillet, Columbia, Corriedale

Ewe breed characteristics

Prolific, high milk production, fine wool, good maternal instincts, tend to have white faces

“ram breeds”

Suffolk, Hampshire, Shropshire, Southdown

Ram breed characteristics

Fast growing, selected for meat quality, tend to have black faces

Sheep age of puberty

5-6 months to 1 year

Sheep estrous cycle

14-17 days long, 30-hour period of receptivity to ram, gestation is about 150 days (breed dependent)