shs 202: chapter 4 phonation

1. Allowing air to pass through the larynx into the upper vocal tract to use our articulators to (the space extending from the vocal folds to the lips or the nostrils)

2. Phonation (vocal fold vibration)

1. What are the 2 methods to transform air into speech sounds?

1. When the vocal folds are brought together and are vibrating

1. What is phonatory mode?

1. The theory that vocal fold vibration is primarily caused by air pressure acting on the elastic mass of the folds. 

2. The vocal folds are activated by the airstream from the lungs rather than by nerve impulses

1. What is the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation?

1. The number of times the vocal folds are blown apart and come together per second 

1. What is the fundamental frequency?

1. Men: 125 Hz

2. Women: greater than 200 Hz

3. Children: higher than 300 Hz

1. What is the average fundamental frequency for men, women, and children?

1. Because men's vocal folds are longer and more massive than women 

1. Why do men have a lower fundamental frequency (Fo) than women?

1. The maintenance of the instructions to the muscles to keep the vocal folds adducted during phonation

2. The inherent elasticity of the folds

3. The sudden drop in air pressure below the folds as the vocal folds are forced apart allowing the air to flow o streams through the open glottis 

1. Why do vocal folds come together during each vibration of the vibratory cycle? (3 things)

1. “cover” formed partly of mucous membrane

2. “body” composed of mainly of muscle fibers

1. In the cover body theory, what is the “cover” and what is the “body”?

1. cartilages bound together by ligaments and connected membranes covered by mucus membrane 

1. The larynx is a tube composed of what? 

1. False vocal folds 

1. What is another name for ventricular folds?

1. Space between the false folds and the true folds 

1. What is the laryngeal ventricle?

1. Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid cartliage 

1. Name 3 cartilages of the larynx?

1. Thyroid cartilage and 2 arytenoid cartilage 

1. What 2 cartilages are the vocal folds attached to?

1. Space between the vocal folds 

1. What is the glottis?

1. Thyroid cartilage and it’s mostly on men 

1. On which cartilage is the “adams apple”?

1. Abducted 

1. At what position are the vocal folds when they are at rest (for quiet breaks)?

Abducted

1. What position are the vocal folds for voiceless speech sounds?

1. They are brought together for voiced sound (Adducted)

1. What position are the vocal folds for vowel and diphthongs production?

1. They are less firmly brought together for voiced consonants such as /z/ and /v/, for which phonation is needed in addition to large air pressures in the oral cavity 

2. Adducted (close) 

1. What position are the vocal folds for voiced consonants?

1. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, on contraction, rotate the arytenoid cartilages abducting the vocal processes, and thus, vocal folds.  

2. The recurrent laryngeal nerve

1. What muscle rotates the arytenoid cartilage, bridging the vocal folds apart (abducting) and what cranial nerve innervates this muscle? 

1. vocal folds are brought together (close)

what is adduct

1. vocal folds are blown apart (open)

what is abduct

abducted

1. When arytenoid cartilage are close together they are abducted or adducted? 

1. The transverse interarytenoid muscle

2. Oblique interarytenoid muscles

3. They adduct the arytenoid cartridges and vocal folds  

1. Which 2 muscles make up the interarytenoid muscle? What do these muscles do?

1. They also aid in adduction of the vocal folds by rocking the muscular process of the arytenoids forward and down, pressing the vocal processes together

1. What does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle do?

1. Vocal ligaments, which are the thickened edges of the comus elasticus membrane rising from the cricoid cartilage

2. The muscles that are attached to the ligaments, the internal part of the thyroarytenoid muscles, commonly called the vocalis muscles

3. The mucous membrane that cover them 

1. What 3 components are part of the structure of vocal folds?

sublgottal air pressure

bernoulli effect

1. What causes the vibration of vocal folds?

2. —- —- —- forces vocal folds apart

3. — —- brings vocal folds together 

decrease; decrease; towards

1. In the Bernoulli effect when air is following through a constricted passage the increase in velocity causes a —- in pressure. The —- in pressure moves the pliable wall of the vocal tract — each other.

true

1. True or false: vocal fold vibration is fairly periodic when the vocal folds open and close in a repeated pattern of movement 

glottal; whole number

1. The Fo is the number of — cycles. The Fo has many harmonics that are —- multiples of that Fo. 

greater; less

1. The higher the Fo the —- harmonics spacing. The lower the Fo, the — the space between harmonics. 

elasticity, tensions, and mass

1. According to the myoelastic aerodynamics theory of phonation, the frequency of vocal fold vibration is determined primarily by the —-, —-, and —- of the vocal folds. 

lower

1. More massive folds vibrate naturally at —- frequencies than shorter and thinner folds. 

lower average

1. An adult man usually has longer and more massive vocal folds and would produce a —- —- Fo than an adult woman who has short and less massive vocal folds. 

true

1. True or False: The Fo produced by any speaker is constantly changing during the production of running speech, therefore, the average Fo is rarely attained. 

1. Vocal fold lengthening 

   1. The decrease in mass and the increase in tension override the effect of the increase in length, and so the Fo rises. 

2. cricothyroid muscles. 

1. How does an individual produce a higher Fo? Which muscle pair is involved? 

1. Their contraction pulls the two cartilages toward one another by lifting the anterior arch of the cricoid cartilage toward the thyroid cartilage

2. The vocal folds are stretched and thinned and made more elastics 

1. What effect does contracting the cricothyroid muscles have on the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages? What does it do to the vocal folds? 

1. The cricothyroid muscles further increases tension, although no further lengthening is possible

1.  How does the cricothyroid muscle act for externally high frequencies such as a falsetto voice? 

1. Sternohyoid muscle (the strap muscles of the neck) 

1. What additional muscles are participating when an individual produces extremely low frequencies? 

1. The Fo and intensity increase 

1.  What happens to Fo if subglottal pressure is increased to raise intensity if no muscular adjustments are made?