State and Local Government

First State Constitutions

Modeled after colonial charters, establishing principles of sovereignty, limited government, and separation of powers.

Popular Sovereignty

The doctrine that government derives its power from the consent of the governed.

Legislature

The branch of government primarily responsible for making laws.

Bicameral

A legislative body that is divided into two chambers.

Public Will

The desires and interests of the general public, which legislatures seek to represent.

Referendum

A process by which a legislative measure is decided upon by the state’s voters.

Lieutenant Governor

An elected official who serves under the governor and may assume their duties in their absence.

Impeachment

A formal process by which an official is accused of unlawful activity.

Constitutional Amendment

A change or addition to the state constitution, proposed by voters or legislatures.

Justices of the Peace

Judges who preside over minor offenses in rural areas.

Appellate Courts

Courts that hear appeals from trial courts and review their decisions.

Common Law

Law based on prior rulings and accepted ideas of right and wrong.

Equity Law

Laws based on fairness and justice, preventing harm or injustice.

State Court

A court that deals with cases arising under state law, with judges typically selected by various means.

Magistrates

Judges who handle minor civil complaints in urban areas.

Municipal Courts

Courts that hear civil cases involving misdemeanors.

Juvenile Courts

Courts designed to handle cases involving individuals under 18.

Executive Officers

Elected officials, including the governor, who oversee specific areas of governance in the state.