Key Figures and Events of the Reformation Era

95 Thesis

Luther's 95 critiques of church

Anglican Church

Major church in branch of Protestant Christianity, formed by Henry VIII

Boyars

Russian Nobles

Council of Trent

Catholic church response to Reformation fixed some of most extreme corruption, reinforced sacraments

Counter Reformation

Fight against the Protestant attacks of Luther

Divine Right

King has right to rule because God chose him

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance in the Edict of Nantes of 1598

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge originates in experience

English Bill of Rights

Bill of rights that inspired many others

Elect

Specific group of people chosen by God for salvation

Gutenberg printing press

First printer

Indulgences

Church reps. to sell certificates to excuse sins

Inquisition

Find and punish nonbelievers using torture and execution

Intendants

Royal officials, or bureaucratic elites

Jesuits

(Society of Jesus) was a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola to convert new Catholics in Europe and abroad

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed each German state to choose which religion ruled and therefore citizens would be, Catholic and Lutheran

Peace of Westphalia

Ended 30 yr war, Stated that each part of Europe could choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

Predestined

Life predetermined from birth

Puritans

Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England

Reformation

Fixing church issues, splits, result of peasant revolt it apart

Romanov Dynasty

Reigning imperial house of Russia

Simony

Sale of church offices and others

Spanish Armada

Fleet of ships

Thirty Year War

Final great religious conflict between Catholic and Protestants

Versailles

Grand royal residence located just outside of Paris, originally built for King Louis XIV

Daimyo

Feudal lords

Edo

Cultural period of Japanese history corresponding to the Tokugawa period of governance, also capital city during Tokugawa Shogunate, now Tokyo

Manchu

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912

Ming dynasty

Established in 1368 by a former monk, soldier and bandit Yuanzhang Stabilize East Asian region for 300 years, silk

Qing Dynasty

Ethnically and culturally distinct from Chinese, tried to impose their culture on China, kept civil service exam

Tokugawa Shogunate

Centralized Japan into many territories, each controlled by a Daimyo, made contact with Europeans but later banned all from entering Europe

Tributes

"Gifts" for conquerors and religions

Delhi

An important commercial, transport, and cultural hub, as well as the political center of India, capital of Mughal Empire

Devshirme

Christian boys were recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government

Ghazi ideal

Model of warrior life as a nomadic warrior for Islam

Gunpowder Empire

Large multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that conquered and controlled using firearms

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops

Shah

Title of emperors

Shari'ah

Religious law, governing principles for spiritual, mental, physical behavior must be followed by Muslims

Sikhism

Religion in Asia for equality

Taj Mahal

Tomb for Shah Jahan wife

Tax Farming

Pay an annual sum to the central government for the right to collect taxes on farmers and merchants

Zamindars

Name for paid government officials

Shah Abbas I

Safavid leader at height of empire, gradually created a state religion and theocracy

Shah Jahan

Built Taj Mahal as tomb for his wife

Suleiman I

Gained control of Hungary and parts of Austria and Greece, Tripoli in North Africa, Ottoman peak, reformed legal system, called 'Lawgiver'

Emperor Qianlong

Installed the Dali Lama, taxes at an all time high, sold trading privileges to Europeans, Canton System, good ruler

Kangxi

Emperor, one of longest rulers in Chinese history

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Moved capital to Edo, led Japan to period of peace

John Calvin

Broke with Catholic Church in 1530 in Geneva, Switzerland. Only the preselected would make it to Heaven

Cardinal Richelieu

High ranking member of Church, helped make France powerful

Charles V

Abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1555, spread Lutheranism

Henry VIII

Formed Church of England

Ivan IV

Ivan the Terrible, Russian economic system based on feudalism

Louis XIV

Revoked the Edict of Nantes, 'Sun King'

Martin Luther

Felt that anyone with faith is welcome to church

Peter I

Mentally challenged, wanted to westernize Russia

Phillip II

Took control of Netherlands, tried to regain control of England but failed